we report the growth and characterization of cu nanoparticles thin film of on glass substrate by pulse laser deposition method. the cu thin film prepared with different energy 50, 60, 70, and 80 mj. the energy effect on the morphological, structural and optical properties were studied by afm, xrd and uv-visible spectrophotometer. surface topography studied by atomic force microscopy revealed na...

I consider three processes which enhance mass loss rate from a common envelope of a giant star with a main sequence or a white dwarf companion spiraling-in inside its envelope. I consider deposition of orbital energy and orbital angular momentum to the giant’s envelope, and in more detail the formation of jets by an accreting companion and their propagation in the envelope. I find that in many ...

Background: In radiation therapy, water is the phantom material of choice, both for reference and for relative dosimetry measurements. Solid phantoms, however, are more useful for routine measurements because they tend to be more robust and easier to set up than water phantoms. Materials and Methods: FLUKA input data cards have been arranged in sequential order. A simple cylindrical geometry wi...

Solutions to the energy-independent (gray) radiative transfer equations are compared to results of Monte Carlo simulations of the Ni and Co radioactive decay -ray energy deposition in supernovae. The comparison shows that an e ective, purely absorptive, gray opacity, (0:06 0:01)Ye cm 2 g , where Ye is the total number of electrons per baryon, accurately describes the interaction of -rays with t...

Chemical oxygen-iodine lasers (COIL) are attractive for diverse industrial applications because they are capable of high efficiency, high power operation, and because the 1.315 mm wavelength can be transmitted through fiber optics and couples efficiently with most metals. Conventional COILs are pumped with O2s Dd that is generated by reaction of Cl2 in a basic H2O2 solution. Current trends in p...

today, using new and renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels is greatly expanded. the solar cells are devices that convert solar energy to electrical energy. solar cells based on organic materials, especially proteins, are one of these solar cells. for example, bacteriorhodopsin (br) which is one of the membrane proteins in halobacterium salinarum could be used in solar cells and parti...

Electrode materials play a decisive role in almost all electrochemical energy storage devices, determining their overall performance. Proper selection, design and fabrication of electrode materials have thus been regarded as one of the most critical steps in achieving high electrochemical energy storage performance. As an advanced nanotechnology for thin films and surfaces with conformal interf...

– Multilayers like those used in giant magnetoresistive spin-valves can be improved if better layer thickness uniformity, lower contamination levels, reduced interfacial roughness and less interlayer mixing can be achieved. Atomistic simulations have revealed that optimization of the energy of the depositing atoms and the application of very low energy inert gas ion assistance reduce both inter...

1. The effect of dietary protein and energy restriction on heat production and growth costs has been examined in rats fed on a marginal (MP) or high (HP) protein diet, containing 9.2% or 22% respectively of the gross energy content as casein. Diets were given either ad lib. or at approximately 25, 50 or 75% of the ad lib. intake. 2. Heat production (kJ/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d) was increase...