As is well-known in the fields of statistical mechanics, Ludwig Boltzmann clarified the concept of entropy. He considered that a macroscopic system consists of a large number of particles. Each particle is assumed to be in one of the energy levels, Ei (i = 1, . . . , k), and the number of particles in the energy level, Ei, is denoted by ni. The total number of particles is then n = ∑k i=1 ni, a...

While the determination of free-energy differences by MD simulation has become a standard procedure for which many techniques have been developed, total entropies and entropy differences are still hardly ever computed. An overview of techniques to determine entropy differences is given, and the accuracy and convergence behavior of five methods based on thermodynamic integration and perturbation...

Entropy is a central concept of statistical mechanics, which is the main branch of physics that underlies econophysics, the application of physics concepts to understand economic phenomena. It enters into econophysics both in an ontological way through the Second Law of Thermodynamics as this drives the world economy from its ecological foundations as solar energy passes through food chains in ...

We undertake the mathematical analysis of a model describing equilibrium binary electrolytes surrounded by charged solid walls. The problem is formulated in terms of the electrostatic potential and the ionic concentrations which have prescribed spatial mean values. The free energy of the system is decomposed as the difference of the internal energy and entropy functionals. The entropy functiona...

We present a bouquet of continuity bounds for quantum entropies, falling broadly into two classes: First, a tight analysis of the Alicki-Fannes continuity bounds for the conditional von Neumann entropy, reaching almost the best possible form that depends only on the system dimension and the trace distance of the states. Almost the same proof can be used to derive similar continuity bounds for t...

A generally relativistic theory of thermodynamics is developed, based on four main physical principles: heat is a local form of energy, therefore described by a thermal energy tensor; conservation of mass, equivalent to conservation of heat, or the local first law; entropy is a local current; and non-destruction of entropy, or the local second law. A fluid is defined by the thermostatic energy ...

Brain tumor is the most deadly disease that affects human life span. To segment the brain tumor part, many segmentation techniques have been emerged in image processing like region based Segmentation, Boundary based segmentation. In this paper, several entropies based methods and several cluster techniques are compared and analyzed for brain tumor segmentation. Several entropies such as rough e...

The entropy production rate of cancer cell is always higher than healthy cell under the case of no external field applied. Different entropy production between two kinds of cells determines the direction of entropy flow among cells. The entropy flow is the carrier of information flow. The entropy flow from cancer to healthy cell takes along the harmful information of cancerous cell, propagating...

The literature reports the proofs that entropy is an inherent property of any system in any state and governs thermal energy, which depends on temperature and is transferred by heat interactions. A first novelty proposed in the present study is that mechanical energy, determined by pressure and transferred by work interactions, is also characterized by the entropy property. The second novelty i...

Protein-protein interactions are governed by the change in free energy upon binding, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. These interactions are often marginally stable, so one must examine the balance between the change in enthalpy, ΔH, and the change in entropy, ΔS, when investigating known complexes, characterizing the effects of mutations, or designing optimized variants. To perform a large-scale study into the ...