In the equivalent transformation (ET) computation model, a specification provides background knowledge in a problem domain and defines a set of queries of interest; a program is a set of prioritized transformation rules; and computation consists in successive reduction of queries using meaningpreserving transformation with respect to given background knowledge. This paper presents a formalizati...

Abstract Capacitive extracellular stimulation is a common method in implanted electrodes. The basis for investigating the transmission of stimuli from an electrode to adhered cells are vitro experiments using calcium imaging or patch clamp measurements. Computational spatial models used simulate mechanism signal at cell-electrode interface but require high computing power. In this work, Stern m...

Introduction: Due to nuclear interactions between the tissues and high-energy protons, the particles, including neutrons, positrons, and photons arise during proton therapy. This study aimed at investigating the dose distribution of proton and secondary particles, such as positrons, neutrons, and photons using the Monte Carlo method. Material and Methods:<...