The current study reanalyzed 250 electrical fatalities in the construction industry from 1996 to 2002 into seven patterns based on source of electricity (power line, energized equipment, improperly installed or damaged equipment), direct contact or indirect contact through some source of injury (boom vehicle, metal bar or pipe, and other conductive material). Each fatality was coded in terms of...

A flow diagram is a graphical presentation of an energy or chemical system with its components and their interconnections through mass and energy streams. An automatic drawing algorithm of flow diagrams has been developed and presented in this article. It heuristically imitates all the procedures carried out by a designer, starting with his conceptual understanding of the system’s topological s...

Despite the importance of urban traffic flows, there are only a few theoretical approaches to determine fundamental relationships between macroscopic traffic variables such as the traffic density, the utilization, the average velocity, and the travel time. In the past, empirical measurements have primarily been described by fit functions. Here, we derive expected fundamental relationships from ...

We re-examine the thermal evolution of the postshock layer in primordial gas clouds. Comparing the time scales, we find that the evolutionary paths of postshock regions in primordial gas clouds can be basically understood in terms of the diagram drawn in the ionization degree vs temperature plane. The results obtained from the diagram are independent of the density in the case that we do not in...

Students of evidence-based medicine often try unsuccessfully to commit to memory a particular critical appraisal framework (often lengthy), or they have to depend on pocket cards and are lost without them. We have described a pedagogic aid: a flow diagram of an RCT, which has been developed over years of teaching residents. This diagram focuses on the steps in an RCT, and by drawing arrows, it ...

We analyze the effect of perturbations on the estimation of Depth from Defocus (DFD) implemented by changing the focus setting (e.g., axially moving the sensor). The analysis yields the optimal change of focus setting, and the spatial frequencies for which estimation is most robust. For stable estimation at all spatial frequencies, the change in focus setting should be less than twice the depth...

Previous studies of Internet traffic have shown that a very small percentage of flows consume most of the network bandwidth. It is important to understand the characteristics of such flows for traffic engineering and modeling purposes. Several prior researchers have characterized such flows using different classification schemes: by size as elephant and mice; by duration as tortoise and dragonf...

The main aim of this paper is to present a clear and comprehensive picture of the process of a crisis in the organization which will help to better understand its possible developments. For a description of the sequence of individual steps and an indication of their causation and possible variants of the developments, a detailed flow diagram with verbal comment is applied. For simplicity, the p...

Design for disassembly (DFD) is an important design concept to make products more friendly for maintenance and remanufacturing practices. One of the important issues in DFD guidelines is related with the selection of the connectors used in the product. This paper evaluates the alternative connection types using the powerful analytic network process (ANP). The paper generates a complete ANP mode...

In the last quarter of the twentieth century, an innovative three-dimensional graphical technique was introduced into biological oceanography and ecology, where it spread rapidly. Used to improve scientists' understanding of the importance of scale within oceanic ecosystems, this influential diagram addressed biological scales from phytoplankton to fish, physical scales from diurnal tides to oc...