Amounts of genetic drift and the effective size of populations can be estimated from observed temporal shifts in sample allele frequencies. Bias in this so-called temporal method has been noted in cases of small sample sizes and when allele frequencies are highly skewed. We characterize bias in commonly applied estimators under different sampling plans and propose an alternative estimator for g...

OBJECTIVE to characterize the understanding of leaders and members of the Catholic religion on pain of existing. METHOD 80 Catholics participated in the study. Data collection was carried out using the Religious Content Assessment Tool. The content analysis was carried out and arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated. RESULTS the following categories emerged: length of affilia...

Single channel measurements play a minor role in today physics, but they are sometimes unavoidable. Comparing to multichannel measurements, there is distribution of measurement time to be chosen in an experiment design. A method to optimize distribution of measurement time is given, where optimal distribution minimizes standard deviation of a selected fit parameter. As an example, the method is...

We propose a general estimation principle based on the assumption that instrumental variables (IV) do not explain the error term in a structural equation. The estimators based on this principle is independent of the normalization constraint, unlike the standard IV estimators such as the two-stage least squares estimator. Using the new principle, we propose the L1 IV estimator, which is an IV es...

Error estimation accuracy is the salient issue regarding the validity of a classifier model. When samples are small, training-data-based error estimates tend to suffer from inaccuracy and quantification of error estimation accuracy is difficult. Numerous methods have been proposed for estimating confidence intervals for the true error based on the estimated error. This paper surveys proposed me...

As regards decreasing cotton cultivation in Iran during these years, the degree of risk taken by a cotton cultivator in the agricultural part is important. The studies showed that the cotton crop yield during the past years did not have enough growth and the cotton cost product in the period of study cotton production costs, has increased. In this paper, the risk orientation of cotton cultivato...

mean ( CV = σ μ ) . To gain a feel for how means impact the meanings of standard deviations, imagine that there are two classes and that the standard deviation of the final exam is 5 points in both of them but that the mean is 25 in Class 1 and 75 in Class 2. It follows that the coefficient of variation is 0.200 in Class 1 whereas it is 0.067 in Class 2. Thus, relative to the mean the standard ...