QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY Chronic pain has a high impact on individuals and society. (Cost-)effective interventions are desperately needed. We evaluated short- and long-term effects of the Bern Ambulatory Interprofessional Rehabilitation (BAI-Reha) for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. METHODS We analysed data prospectively collected from patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain befor...

The US dollar plays a dominant role in the invoicing of international trade, albeit not an exclusive one as more than half global trade is invoiced other currencies. Of particular interest are euro, with large role, and renminbi, rising role. These two currencies well suited to contrast roles economic fundamentals policies, European policy makers have taken neutral stance promotion renminbi by ...

BACKGROUND In this study, the dilute maleic acid pretreatment of wheat straw is optimized, using pretreatment time, temperature and maleic acid concentration as design variables. A central composite design was applied to the experimental set up. The response factors used in this study are: (1) glucose benefits from improved enzymatic digestibility of wheat straw solids; (2) xylose benefits from...

This paper investigates the bivariate dependence structure for three pairs of exchange rates measured against the US dollar: Euro and Japanese yen, Euro and British pound, Euro and Swiss franc, over the period January 1994 to November 2007. The Deutsche mark (DM) is used for the pre-euro period. By using non-parametric plots and copula models estimated by semi-parametric methods, we are able to...

Four years after the introduction of the euro, this paper provides an overview of the current structure and integration of the euro area financial systems and related policy initiatives. We first compare the euro area financial structure with that of the United States and Japan. Using new and comprehensive financial account data, we also describe how the euro area financial structure evolved si...

BACKGROUND Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are used in chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) with the goal of improving quality of life and preventing RBC transfusions. This retrospective database study compared the three currently available ESAs, epoetin alfa (EPO-A), epoetin beta (EPO-B), and darbepoetin alfa (DARB), regarding costs and outcomes. METHODS Data were obtained from a Belgi...

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of urban development trends in mobility patterns of a medium sized Portuguese city and air quality consequences, using a sequential modeling process, comprising i) land use and transportation, TRANUS model; ii) road traffic air pollutants emissions, TREM model and; iii) air quality, TAPM model. This integrated methodology was applied to...

The Open University's repository of research publications and other research outputs Cost implications of various Euro 4 and 5 after treatment solutions for heavy duty diesel vehicles Book Chapter How to cite: Warren, James (2001). Cost implications of various Euro 4 and 5 after treatment solutions for heavy duty diesel vehicles. Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are reta...

1 Summary In Western Africa, two economic integrations, WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) and ECOWAS(Economic Community of West African Countries) exist. WAEMU is consisted of eight countries around French possession in Africa and issued the unique legal tender, the CFA franc. On the other hand, ECOWAS is the wider economic integration for 15 countries encompassing the entire WAE...