We study preprocessing techniques for clause normal forms of LTL formulas. Applying the mechanism of labelled clauses enables us to reinterpret LTL satisfiability as a set of purely propositional problems and thus to transfer simplification ideas from SAT to LTL. We demonstrate this by adapting variable and clause elimination, a very effective preprocessing technique used by modern SAT solvers....

literal: Let p be a proposition. Then p and -p are literals. clause: A clause is a disjunction of literals. Horn Clause: A Horn Clause is a clause in which there is at most one positive literal. definite clause: A definite clause is a Hom Clause in which there is exactly one positive literal. A definite clause such as can also be written as We call pi the head of the clause, and the conjunction...

The purpose of this work is to define a theorem prover that retains the procedural aspects of logic programing. The proof system we propose (SLWV1 resolution) is defined for a set of clauses in the implicational form (keeping to the form of logic programs), not requiring contrapositives, and has an execution method that respects the execution order of literals in a clause, preserving the proced...

Ergativity refers to patterning in a language whereby the subject of a transitive clause behaves differently to the subject of an intransitive clause, which behaves like the object of a transitive clause. Ergativity can be manifested in morphology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse organisation. This article overviews what is known about ergativity in the world’s languages, with a particular focus...

protect the rights of creditor financial and deny the debt and concern the law of debtor, is important to the tradition and the attention of lawgiver and this issue well used from the quran and habit and scholars fatwas. in the trades in which for escape from the debtor's debt, specially concerning to change of alter the 218 clause of the civil codes, expressing the opinion and a few of people ...

This study aims to present an accessible model of some frequent nonfinite adverbial types occurring in English prose fiction. As its main syntactic argument, it recognizes that these adverbials are mostly elliptical in that there are some dependent-clause markers one can assume to be implicit when supplying those elements back into the clause complex. Some comments are provided at the end on th...

BACKGROUND Size exclusion chromatography is the method of choice for separating free from liposome-encapsulated molecules. However, if the column is not presaturated with lipids this type of chromatography causes a significant loss of lipid material. To date, the mechanism of lipid retention is poorly understood. It has been speculated that lipid binds to the column material or the entire lipos...

Previous studies reported that language comprehenders tend to preserve the initial incorrect analysis with temporarily ambiguous sentences following structural reanalysis (Christianson et al., 2001; van Gompel et al., 2006). One possible criticism is that the sentences tested in previous studies allow comprehenders to pragmatically infer that the initial misanalysis may be true. It is thus uncl...