conclusions this study indicates that the rate of g1896a mutation at the pc region among hbeag negative patients, in the golestan province of iran, was similar to the average rate encountered in other parts of iran. the pc stop codon mutation was detected in 93.18% of hbeag negative patients. further studies with larger sample sizes are required to elucidate the exact role of these mutations in...

background helicobacter pylori is responsible for one of the most common human infections and is a major risk factor for stomach ulcer disease and gastric cancer. h. pylori infection has been reported to be associated with generation and development of coronary artery disease (cad). moreover, diabetic patients positive for h. pylori infection showed a higher prevalence of cad compared to h. pyl...

Burnet envisaged the early presence of self-antigens in development, or ‘the history’ an animal, ablates animal's ability to immunologically respond against them. Lederberg added idea that continuous is required maintain tolerance throughout life. We refer Lederberg's proposal as ‘The Historical Postulate’. The mechanism central tolerance, now understood, consistent with Postulate. Some observa...

SARS-CoV-2 is the third pathogenic coronavirus to emerge since 2000. Experience from prior outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has demonstrated importance both humoral cellular immunity clinical outcome, precepts that have been recapitulated for SARS-CoV-2. Despite unprecedented rapid development deployment vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, more are needed meet global demand guard immune evasion by n...

background: recognition of helminth-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), including toll like recep­tors (tlrs) is the first step towards initiating anti–helminth immune re­sponses. methods : using somatic antigens of ostertagia occidentalis, an important abomasal parasite of ruminants, the expression of ovine tlr2 and tlr4 in peripheral...

ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were: 1) determine total specific IgG and subisotypes in serum colostrum pregnant mares vaccinated against Theileria equi Streptococcus subspecies equi; 2) foals born from these mares. In mares, the highest value for T. was at 335 days gestation declining 30 postpartum, while S. 328 remaining high up to postpartum. Transfer passive immunity both antigens observe...