For e-commerce payments, fair exchange is one of the essential problems. The optimistic fair exchange protocol allows two parties to efficiently exchange items so that either each party gets the other’s item or neither does. We propose a new optimistic fair exchange protocol that is efficient and applicable to any digital signature scheme such as RSA or DSA. In our protocol, we introduce pre-si...

Partially blind signature schemes are an extension of blind signature schemes that allow a signer to explicitly include necessary information (expiration date, collateral conditions, or whatever) in the resulting signatures under some agreement with the receiver. This paper formalizes such a notion and presents secure and efficient schemes based on a widely applicable method of obtaining witnes...

A model with costly adjustment of production and costly inventories implies that wholesale gasoline prices will respond with a lag to crude oil cost shocks. Unlike explanations that rely upon menu costs, imperfect information, or long-term buyer/seller relationships, this model also predicts that futures prices for gasoline will adjust incompletely to crude oil price shocks that occur close to ...

*AANA Journal Course No. 26: The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists is accredited as a provider of continuing education in nursing by the American Nurses Credentialing Center Commission on Accreditation. The AANA Journal course will consist of 6 successive articles, each with objectives for the reader and sources for additional reading. At the conclusion of the 6-part series, a final ex...

*AANA Journal Course No. 25: The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists is accredited as a provider of continuing education in nursing by the American Nurses Credentialing Center Commission on Accreditation. The AANA Journal course will consist of 6 successive articles, each with objectives for the reader and sources for additional reading. At the conclusion of the 6-part series, a final ex...

MicroRNAs have been found to be deregulated in several diseases and, due to their high stability in body fluids, represent promising noninvasively detectable biomarkers. However, numerous technical variables can affect accurate measurement of circulating miRNAs. Using a microarray-based method we assessed the: (i) adequate intra- and inter-array reproducibility of miRNA profiling; (ii) feasibil...

Potency tests are designed to determine how much of an active drug is in a sample. Stability tests are used to determine an expiration date of a product or a beyond-use date of a preparation. Being able to employ the proper method to determine potency or stability is the key to understanding the difference between potency testing versus stability testing. In order to determine potency, a method...

Snack types of chips, biscuits are sold using packaging. The snack packaging contains important information related to the nutritional component snack, expiration date, product halalness and other that is for buyers know. Elementary school students have insufficient attention knowledge on so it can result in adverse conditions elementary if they consume snacks not good health. As a preventive s...

BACKGROUND Respiratory swallowing coordination is regarded as one of the several mechanisms by which the airway is protected from aspiration during swallowing. A lack of reciprocity between respiration and swallowing has been indicated as one of the mechanisms that can lead to aspiration and pneumonia. Since chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pulmonary condition, we have hypothes...

Shredded carrots in modified atmosphere packaging were treated with low-dose irradiation of 0.5 kGy in order to determine whether additional reduction of microbial population would be achieved for carrots previously treated with chlorine. Commercially prepared shredded carrots treated with irradiation had a mean microbial population of 1300 CFU/g at the expiration date (9 days after irradiation...