islamic fiqh especially imami fiqh, contains subjects that their application need a powerful government and a ruler that must be aware of divine teachings. accordingly, it should be noted that there is a strong connection between the fiqh of islam and the issue of government. here, we study some expressions of this connection, including: a) review of fiqhi texts to make the connection of fiqh a...

The phenomenon of contagion is analysed in terms of the intensification explanation of the effect of crowding (high density) on humans. According to the analysis, high density should be expected to increase contagion of a model’s behavior. Groups of three subjects and a confederate listen to humorous tapes under low or high density conditions. In half of the groups the confederate smiles and la...

As artificial intelligence technologies are increasingly deployed in this digital era entitled to generate automated and semi-automated decisions, the internal logic of machine learning algorithms is typically opaque, absence a right explanation will put individuals weak position, so an for such decisions has become critical legal issue. The first written “General Data Protection Regulations”, ...

Men and women systematically differ in their beliefs about performance relative to others; particular, men tend be more overconfident. This paper provides support for one explanation gender differences overconfidence, performance-motivated reasoning, which people distort how they process new information ways that make them believe outperformed others. Using a large online experiment, I find mal...

Although numerous studies show that intelligence, measured by various tests, is a significant predictor of school achievement, this cognitive variable can only explain about 50% the variance. It also known communicative language ability represents an important basis for learning subject content in early period formal education. One most comprehensive models (Bahman, Palmer, 1996), addition to s...

Crupi, Fitelson, and Tentori (CFT, forthcoming) offer three conditions that constitute an attempted confirmation-theoretic explanation of the conjunction fallacy. I present experimental results to show that CFT’s conditions are neither necessary nor sufficient for the fallacy. There exist cases that do not meet their three conditions in which subjects still tend to commit the fallacy. Also, the...