A new approach to simulate fluorescence photons produced in extensive air showers is described. A Monte Carlo program based on CORSIKA produces the fluorescence photons for each charged particle in the development of the shower. This method results in a full three-dimensional simulation of the particles in a shower and of the fluorescence light generated in the atmosphere. The photons produced ...

The Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescope, located on the Canary Island of La Palma at the Roque de los Muchachos observatory (ORM), is currently the largest single-dish Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) in operation. MAGIC is a third generation telescope comprising a number of improvements and innovative technologies to reduce the threshold energy for the detecti...

KASCADE-Grande is an extensive air shower experiment at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany. Main parts of the experiment are the Grande array spread over an area of 700 × 700m , the original KASCADE array covering 200 × 200m with unshielded and shielded detectors, and additional muon tracking devices. This multi-detector system allows to investigate the energy spectrum, composition, and aniso...

A large area (128m) Muon Tracking Detector (MTD), located within the KASCADE experiment, has been built with the aim to identify muons (Eμ >0.8GeV) and their directions in extensive air showers by track measurements under more than 18 r.l. shielding. The orientation of the muon track with respect to the shower axis is expressed in terms of the radialand tangential angles. By means of triangulat...

A simple analytical argument is proposed for a possible explanation of the characteristics lateral shower age (s) proton (p)/nuclei-initiated showers. The states that density distribution (LDD) electrons p-initiated due to superposition several electromagnetic (EM) sub-showers developed at very early stage in atmosphere from decay neutral pions ( $$\pi ^{0}$$ s). Thanks property electron LDD p ...