The study compared economic efficiency among smallholder farmers who practiced low external input technology [LEIT] and high external input technology [HEIT] agriculture in a harsh macroeconomic environment typified by inadequate fertilizer subsidy in Imo State, Nigeria. Cross sectional data generated from 160 smallholder farmers randomly selected from 2 out of the 3 agricultural zones in Imo S...

This study presents external costs and eco-efficiency parameters associated to exhaust emissions in Las Palmas Port. Emission assessment is based on a vessel emissions inventory obtained from the full bottom-up Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model and messages transmitted by the Automatic Identification System over 2011. External costs are estimated based on a top-down approach. Results are c...

The production and consumption of energy and its derived services have raised the living standards of billions. Energy is traded in markets, and its price in most cases does not reflect the full cost of its use to society. Absent regulation, only the private cost of producing, for example, a kilowatt hour (kWh) of electricity is paid for by consumers through their electricity bills. These priva...

The external walls are regarded as an important source for the thermal exchange between the outside and inside of a building. Despite the significance of building walls for energy savings, a large body of research has focused mainly on thermal comfort, environmental impacts, and economic costs of residential buildings. However, few researchers have addressed the thermal performance of common bu...

This paper derives the Nash-equilibrium degrees of commitment to a partnership where lack of full commitment fuels suspicion and increases potential losses for partners. The Nash-equilibrium commitment of each partner increases with her internal return, quitting cost and costs of being deserted and with her counterpart's external return and intrinsic capacity to detect lack of full commitment, ...

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of decontamination strategies in the special decontamination areas in Fukushima in regard to external radiation dose. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to relate the predicted external dose in the affected areas to the number of potential inhabitants and the land use in the areas. A comprehensive review ...

objectives the purpose of this study was to determine the types of fall-related injuries and the related risk factors in the elderly population of qom province, iran. patients and methods this retrospective study was performed on 424 elderly people (65 years and over) referred to shahid beheshti hospital, qom, iran, due to falls between 2010 and 2012. the icd-10 codes of external causes of inju...

AIMS To propose methods for the inclusion of within-family external effects in clinical and economic evaluations. To demonstrate the extent of bias due to the exclusion of within-family external effects when measuring the relative performance of interventions for problem drinking and alcohol dependence. METHODS The timing and magnitude of treatment effects are modified to accommodate the exte...

OBJECTIVE To describe currently accepted methods for managing the term breech pregnancy, and to predict the delivery outcomes and costs of each method. METHODS Literature review was used to derive four options for the peripartum management of the term breech pregnancy. Using decision-analysis techniques, we calculated the predicted delivery outcomes and costs associated with each option. RE...

financial and economic analysis of investment constitute an essential part of the decision making process. in this paper the feasibility of executing wastewater projects has been assessed using techniques of engineering economics including economic and financial analyses. primarily, the economic and financial assessments of a specific project in kalateh-khij city, with a population of five thou...