objective: the gingival crevicular fluid (gcf) is an inflammatory exudate found in the gingival sulcus. the forces exerted during orthodontic treatment cause distortion of the periodontal ligament (pdl) extra-cellular matrix, resulting in some biological features that can lead to modification of both gcf volume and its components. the present study investigated the effect of orthodontic tooth m...

statement of the problem malocclusion is a developmental problem, which results in social, psychological and functional problems for patients purpose the aim of this study was to evaluate the need for orthodontic treatment using the index of orthodontic treatment need (iotn) among the 11‒14-year-old students of hamadan schools in 2010 and to find the correlation between dental health component ...

OBJECTIVE To compare the vertical facial and dental arch dimensional changes occurring with extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional comparative study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi during the period 2003 to 2005. METHODOLOGY Data were collected using records of patients who visited the study setting during t...

One of the salient aims of orthodontic treatment is to acquire a well-established functional bite. This could be reached through having what is called a “canine guided occlusion”. In this type of occlusion the upper and lower canines guide the bite of the rest of the teeth especially during lateral movements. This aids to attain robust masticatory functions and to secure a convenient environmen...

BACKGROUND The norms of Pakistani female patients differ from other Asian patients, this difference should be considered during diagnosis and treatment planning and they should be treated with different protocols in terms of tooth extraction and non-extraction treatments. The present study will provide clinical guidelines to assist in the decision-making process for borderline patients when con...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the presence of oral myofunctional alterations before and after first premolar extraction in Class II/1 malocclusion patients that could endanger the long-term dental arch stability. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed by means of morphological, functional and electromyographic analyses in 17 Class II/1 malocclusion patients (group T) and...

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the treatment outcome of lower incisor extraction and to compare it with premolar extraction and non-extraction treatment. The sample consisted of 60 subjects with Class I malocclusion and moderate crowding. The sample was separated into three groups: extraction of a lower incisor group, extraction of a four first premolar group and a non-extr...

UNLABELLED This randomized split-mouth study was aimed at evaluating whether an orthodontic appliance per se or orthodontic tooth movement can induce detectable changes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, and thus whether GCF volume is a predictable biomarker for tissue remodelling incident to orthodontic tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen healthy orthodontic patients (7 fem...