abstract financial crises and currency instabilities within developing and emerging economies during the last decade had a tremendous impact on the economic performance and increased vulnerability of economies against domestic and foreign shocks. the timing of capital liberalization is one of the significant debates among other issues related to currency instability, and it would be more conven...

he links among trade, technological changes, and worker earnings have been the subject of intense research during the past few decades. The current literature on this subject shows that trade liberalization and technological changes are the main drivers of demand for skilled workers and a rise in the wage premium. In the present article, a panel of 134 Iranian manufacturing industries over the ...

one of the basic tenets in recent international trade literature is about the effect of trade integration on business cycle synchronization (bcs) among trading countries. the objective of this paper is to explore the main determinants of business cycle synchronization, with emphasis on trade integration. to this end, we have specified two simultaneous regression equations which were estimated b...

Will continual expansion of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) lead to global free trade? In the presence of multilateral negotiations, are PTAs necessary for, or will they necessarily lead away from, global free trade? This paper shows both answers depend crucially on a commitment problem faced by PTA members. Because the commitment problem revolves around a desire to commit to not form futu...