We establish upper bounds for the spectral gap of the stochastic Ising model at low temperatures in an l × l box with boundary conditions which are not purely plus or minus; specifically, we assume the magnitude of the sum of the boundary spins over each interval of length l in the boundary is bounded by δl, where δ < 1. We show that for any such boundary condition, when the temperature is suff...

Because maturing oocytes and early embryos lack appreciable transcription, posttranscriptional regulatory processes control their development. To better understand this control, we profiled translational efficiencies and poly(A)-tail lengths throughout Drosophila oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. The correspondence between translational-efficiency changes and tail-length change...

The outermost tail feathers in male barn swallows {Hirundo rustica) are the target of a strong directional female mate preference. The" tait ornament is also expressed in females, since females have considerably longer tails than juveniles, either due to (1) a strong genetic correlation between the characters in the two sexes, or (2) direct sexual selection on females. To discriminate between t...

To determine the population variation in the androgen receptor (AR) and its association with body composition in a subsistence population, we sampled 87 settled and 65 nomadic males ages 20+ among the Ariaal of northern Kenya. Anthropometric measures included height, body mass index, fat-free mass (FFM), upper arm muscle plus bone area (AMPBA), % body fat (%BF), suprailliac skinfold (SISF), and...

We measured the alignment of f0 landmarks with segmental landmarks in nuclear “pointed hat” accents in controlled speech materials in Dutch. We varied the phonological length of the stressed vowel and the “right context” (syllable membership of following consonant, presence or absence of stress clash). The nuclear accented word was always followed by an unaccented content word. Based on previou...

We investigate how neural, encoder-decoder translation systems output target strings of appropriate lengths, finding that a collection of hidden units learns to explicitly implement this functionality.

A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, herein described as Steinernema akhursti sp. n., was recovered from soil samples collected from Yunnan Province, the People's Republic of China. Both morphological and molecular data show congruently that S. akhursti sp. n. belongs to the Steinernema feltiae group. It can be separated from all described Steinernema species by the combined morphologica...

Styloid process is a process or projection from the skull base with a normal length of 2.5-3.0 cm. In certain individuals for a variety of reasons there may be an elongation of styloid process. Abnormally long styloid process becomes symptomatic in patients and manifest as Eagle’s Syndrome. The aim of our study was to retrospectively measure the length of the styloid process on archived Orthopa...

Young children respond to their interlocutors more slowly than adults do, and their timing skills tend to break down further as more speakers join the conversation (Lieberman and Garvey, 1977; Garvey and Berninger, 1981; Dunn and Shatz, 1989; Smith, 2010). In learning to time their utterances in an adult-like way, children must firmly grasp timing conventions, the ability to project turn-end bo...