Background: Fertility in England fell substantially during the past decade. The total fertility rate reached its historically lowest level 2020.

It has been argued that Scotland faces population ageing and decline that will have potentially serious economic and social consequences, and that the origin of these process lie in its low and declining fertility rates. This paper argues that low fertility is not the problem it is purported to be, and that pro-natalism is both undesirable and unnecessary. It suggests that low fertility and pop...

INTRODUCTION HIV reduces fertility through biological and social pathways, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) can ameliorate these effects. In northern Malawi, ART has been available since 2007 and lifelong ART is offered to all pregnant or breastfeeding HIV-positive women. METHODS Using data from the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Malawi from 2005 to 2014, we used total ...

BACKGROUND The percentages of couples in HIV sero-discordant relationships range from 5 to 31% in the various countries of Africa. Given the importance of procreation and the lack of assisted reproduction to avoid partner transmission, members of these couples are faced with a serious dilemma even after the challenge of disclosing their HIV status to their spouses. Identifying the determinants ...

In the past 10 years, sequestration of Cry toxins and transfer to offspring has been indicated in three insect species in laboratory studies. This work directly demonstrates the sequestration and intergenerational transfer of Cry1F by the parents of the aphidophagous coccinellid predator, Harmonia axyridis, to its offspring. Recently emerged adults (10 individual couples/cage/treatment) were ex...

Despite limitations of low fertility and high acidity of the soils, the cerrado flora is the richest amongst savannas. Many cerrado woody species show sclerophyllous leaves, which might be related to the availability of water and nutrients in the soil. To better understand the function and structure of cerrado vegetation within its own variations, we compared two cerrado communities: one in its...

This report presents several key demographic and maternal and infant health indicators using 2016 final birth data. Trends in the general fertility rate (the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15–44), age-specific birth rates, cesarean delivery, preterm, and triplet and higher-order multiple birth rates are presented by age of mother. For each indicator, data for 2016 are compared with 2015,...

BACKGROUND Reproductive health issues of women with epilepsy (WWE) are complex and multifaceted, and both epilepsy and antiepileptic drug (AEDs) use may alter fertility and pregnancy outcomes in these women. OBJECTIVE To determine the fertility rate of women with epilepsy at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Neurology clinic, KNH, Nairobi, Kenya, betw...

This paper argues that the decline in the Japanese total fertility rate was caused mainly by the rise in the unmarried population. Possible explanations are late marriages, high educational expenditures and housing costs, women’s higher education and increased participation in the workforce, and a change in cultural values. The fertility rate among married women has remained at the replacement ...