Two hundred million girls and women in the world are estimated to have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), and another 15 million girls are at risk of experiencing it by 2020 in high prevalence countries (UNICEF, 2016. Female genital mutilation/cutting: a global concern. 2016). Despite decades of concerted efforts to eradicate or abandon the practice, and the increased need for clear gui...

Thermal residual stresses in functionally graded materials (FGMs) arise primarily from nonlinear spatial variations in the thermal expansion coecient, but can be signi®cantly adjusted by variations in modulus. Thermoelastic analysis of FGMs is complicated by such modulus gradients. A class of problems for which thermal stress solutions for materials with constant modulus can be used as a basis...

The WHO, the Unicef, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UNWomen) strongly disagree with the opinion of Arora and Jacobs published in the BMJ Journal of Medical Ethics. In 1997, WHO, Unicef and UNFPA issued a joint statement on female genital mutilation (FGM), which described the public health and human right...

Intelligent foraging, gathering and matching (I-FGM) has been shown to be an effective tool for intelligence analysts who have to deal with large and dynamic search spaces. I-FGM introduced a unique resource allocation strategy based on a partial information processing paradigm which, along with a modular system architecture, makes it a truly novel and comprehensive solution to information retr...

With increased migration, female genital mutilation (FGM) also referred to as female circumcision or female genital cutting is no longer restricted to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The European Parliament estimates that up to half a million women living in the EU have been subjected to FGM, with a further 180,000 at risk. Aware of the limited success of campaigns addressing FGM, the World ...

Functionally graded materials (FGM) eliminate the stress singularity in interface between two different and therefore have a wide range of applications high temperature environments such as engines, nuclear reactors, spacecrafts etc. Therefore, it is essential to study mechanical properties FGM materials. This paper aims at establishing method for modelling FGMs molecular dynamics (MD) get bett...

Due to elastic modulus mismatch between the different layers in all-ceramic dental restorations, high tensile stress concentrates at the interface between the ceramic core and cement. In natural tooth structure, stress concentration is reduced by the functionally graded structure of dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) which interconnects enamel and dentin. Inspired by DEJ, the aim of this study was to...

Bleaching agents can potentially cause damage to dental and gingival tissues. Due to the use of bleaching agents close to gingival tissues, the objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the higher the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the greater is the cytotoxicity to fibroblast cells. Two concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (6%, and 7.5%) used in home bleaching techniqu...

The spatially distributed microstructures needed to implement many functionally graded material (FGM) designs are difficult to realize affordably with today's materials synthesis/processing technologies. To address this need, a new directed vapor deposition (DVD) technique has been developed and explored as a potential FGM synthesis tool. The technique exploits supersonic helium jets in combina...