PURPOSE This study was designed to determine the appropriate Leucine intake volume to obtain the effects of restoring damaged muscle through the synthesis of muscle proteins to increase skeletal muscle and improve exercise performance, and to achieve enhanced muscle hypertrophy. METHODS To clarify the effects of leucine on skeletal muscle hypertrophy of SD rats, following eight weeks of resis...

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) can be divided into primary (genetic or familial) and secondary (acquired or reactive) forms. Abnormal immunophenotyping and downregulation of CD5 or CD7 in T cells have been well characterized in EpsteinBarr virus (EBV)-associated HLH [1, 2]. A few studies have also reported abnormal immunophenotyping of T cells in patients with familial HLH (FHL) [1, 3...

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a disease with major diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. HLH comprises two different conditions that may be difficult to distinguish from one another: a primary [1] and a secondary form [2]. The primary autosomal recessive form, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), has an estimated incidence of around 1:50,000 live-born children [3]...

Background: Chronic kidney disease is associated with abnormal regulation of arterial tone throughout various vascular beds. It is however unknown whether generalized vascular dysfunction precedes the development of kidney disease. We studied myogenic constriction and endothelium-mediated dilatory responses in two inbred Fawn-Hooded (FH) rat strains, one of which (FHH) spontaneously develops hy...

The phytochrome (phy) family of photoreceptors is of crucial importance throughout the life cycle of higher plants. Light-induced nuclear import is required for most phytochrome responses. Nuclear accumulation of phyA is dependent on two related proteins called FHY1 (Far-red elongated HYpocotyl 1) and FHL (FHY1 Like), with FHY1 playing the predominant function. The transcription of FHY1 and FHL...

Two fermentation types exist in the Enterobacteriaceae family. Mixed-acid fermenters produce substantial amounts of lactate, formate, acetate, and succinate, resulting in lethal medium acidification. On the other hand, 2,3-butanediol fermenters switch to the production of the neutral compounds acetoin and 2,3-butanediol and even deacidify the environment after an initial acidification phase, th...

BACKGROUND Familial hemophagocytosis (FHL) is a rare disease associated with defects in proteins involved in CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity. Hyperactivation of immune cells results in a perilous, Th1-driven cytokine storm. We set out to explore the regulation of cytokines in an FHL patient who was clinically stable on low-dose immunosuppressive therapy after bone marrow transplantation over a six-mon...

BACKGROUND For the cultivation of Escherichia coli in bioreactors trace element solutions are generally designed for optimal growth under aerobic conditions. They do normally not contain selenium and nickel. Molybdenum is only contained in few of them. These elements are part of the formate hydrogen lyase (FHL) complex which is induced under anaerobic conditions. As it is generally known that o...