Fast oscillations in the beta (15-40 Hz in awake rats) and gamma (50-100 Hz) frequency ranges are prominent in field potentials induced by odorants in the mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PC). Whereas the gamma oscillation has been studied for >50 yr, the beta oscillation has attracted attention only recently, and its origin, mechanism, and relationship to gamma are unknown. T...

Principles of successful Hamiltonian approaches, which were developed to describe free gravitational field(s) in the metric gravity, are formulated and discussed. By using standard $$\Gamma{-}\Gamma$$ Lagrangian $${\mathcal{L}}_{\Gamma{-}\Gamma}$$ GR we properly introduce all momenta field derive both canonical $$H_{C}$$ total $$H_{t}$$ Hamiltonians GR. We also an effective method is used deter...

Influence of the transverse uniform magnetic field $\bf B$ on position (subscript $\rho$) and momentum ($\gamma$) Shannon quantum-information entropies $S_{\rho,\gamma}$, Fisher informations $I_{\rho,\gamma}$ informational energies $O_{\rho,\gamma}$ is studied theoretically for 2D circular quantum dots (QDs) whose circumference supports homogeneous either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition...

Bicircular twisted Laguerre-Gaussian beams possess a definite torus knot angular momentum (TKAM) $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{{J}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}=\stackrel{\ifmmode \^{}\fi{}}{L}+\ensuremath{\gamma}\stackrel{\ifmmode \^{}\fi{}}{S}$ as an alternative form of momentum. TKAM is conserved in nonlinear atomic processes such high harmonic generation and can be classified by time ...

The question of electromagnetic field intensification towards the values typical for strong Quantum Electrodynamics is fundamental importance. One most promising schemes based on relativistic-flying mirror concept, which shows that radiation reflected by will be frequency up-shifted a factor 4 gamma^2 (gamma: Lorentz mirror). In laser-plasma interactions, such travels with relativistic velociti...

We present a new model for soft gamma-ray repeaters based on a quark star born with temperatures above the critical value (Tc) for the onset of the colour-flavor locked superconductivity. The quark star then quickly cools below Tc, expelling a fraction of the surface magnetic field via the Meissner effect. We show that if a small fraction (≤ 10%) of the surface magnetic field (10 14 − 10 15 G) ...

In hippocampal area CA1 of rats, the frequency of gamma activity has been shown to increase with running speed (Ahmed and Mehta, 2012). This finding suggests that different gamma frequencies simply allow for different timings of transitions across cell assemblies at varying running speeds, rather than serving unique functions. However, accumulating evidence supports the conclusion that slow (∼2...

The terms “gamma” and “gamma correction” are well‐known to most graphics practitioners. They describe a fundamentally simple but some‐ times confusing method used in print, imaging and video technology, which also plays an impor‐ tant role in 3D computer graphics and composit‐ ing. Even though most have heard the terms be‐ fore, there are many misconceptions about gamma correction, especially i...

We present a (mathematically rigorous) probabilistic and geometrical proof of the Knizhnik-Polyakov-Zamolodchikov relation between scaling exponents in a Euclidean planar domain D and in Liouville quantum gravity. It uses the properly regularized quantum area measure dmicro_{gamma}=epsilon;{gamma;{2}/2}e;{gammah_{epsilon}(z)}dz, where dz is the Lebesgue measure on D, gamma is a real parameter, ...