Financial instruments are one of the fundamental dimensions of financial markets that guarantee their efficiency and effectiveness of these markets. These instruments playe a main role in economy to direct money from saving sources to investment needs. These instruments provide possibility of financing companies from public and private sources and also are considered as investment instruments f...

Online P2P lending marketplaces match individual lenders and borrowers for unsecured loans via real-time auction without financial institutions as an intermediary. This paper aims to build up a theoretical framework from the perspectives of informational social influence and herding behavior to explain how individual investors’ participation of online financial community influence their credit ...

Abstract
 In international trade, the seller who will send goods to other countries and buyer price of be bought want sure that party contract fulfill its debts properly. The letter credit is an institution aims provide this. A a made by person has purchased goods, upon submission certain documents determined seller, making with bank ensure payment debt. supervisor opens credit. beneficiar...

The rural finance of China is still weak in the Chinese financial system. Without the support of the capital factor, the new rural construction of socialism could not be realized, but the investment of the capital factor and the enhancement of the humanistic morality must be based on the good credit information resource. The rural financial departments should fully support the construction of t...

for banks and financial institutions, credit risk had been an essential factor that needed to be managed well. credit risk was the possibility that a borrower of counter party would fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. credit risk; therefore arise from the bank’s dealings with or lending to corporate, individuals, and other banks or financial institutions.  credit risk...

Credit risk is the distribution of financial losses due to unexpected changes in the credit quality of a counterparty in a financial agreement. We review the structural, reduced form and incomplete information approaches to estimating joint default probabilities and prices of credit sensitive securities.

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis (2007-2009), policymakers in the developing countries and emerging economies have generally relied on macroprudential policies to achieve financial stability. Since the banking systemchr('39')s vulnerability plays an essential role in financial instability, and the banking systemchr('39')s stability is exposed to vulnerability, we examine macropru...