Training paradigms affecting Aplysia withdrawal reflexes cause changes in gene expression leading to long-term memory formation in primary mechanoafferents that initiate withdrawal. Similar mechanoafferents are also found in the buccal ganglia that control feeding behavior, raising the possibility that these mechanoafferents are a locus of memory formation after a training paradigm affecting fe...

Single morphine injections induce a state of acute opioid dependence measured by an increase in naloxone potency to precipitate withdrawal. Repeated morphine exposure (daily/weekly intervals) results in further potentiation of naloxone potency, perhaps due to conditioning mechanisms. The current study tested the hypothesis that previously neutral stimuli could elicit a conditioned potentiation ...

BACKGROUND Opioid misuse and abuse occurring in association with the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain are not new phenomena, but their increasing prevalence in recent years is unprecedented. Advancements in pharmaceutical technologies have provided opioid-related drugs, which lack the pure mu agonist activity characteristic of the typical opioid congeners. This absent or altered mu receptor...

Introduction: interdialytic weight gains (IDWG) are a secondary impact of excessive fluid and/or food intake. In addition, IDWG is common in hemodialysis patients due to renal excretion dysfunction, which impacts buildup. Interdialytic Weight Gain intake and dysfunction. If the patient has severe IDWG, it will have an that withdrawal be increased. This increases risk complications during on hem...

BACKGROUND Unaided attempts to quit smoking commonly fail during the first 2 weeks of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Alterations in dopamine (DA) signaling correlate with withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure, but those changes have not been well-characterized. METHODS Mice were administered nicotine in their drinking water for 4 or 12 weeks. Then nicotine was withheld for 1 to 10 days...

The authors examined the factor structure of the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) using confirmatory factor analysis in 3 clinical research samples of smokers trying to quit (N = 723). Three confirmatory factor analytic models, based on previous research, were tested with each of the 3 study samples at multiple points in time. A unidimensional model including all 8 MNWS items was foun...

The increase in global burden of stroke is hard to overestimate. Every year it continues be a leading cause mortality worldwide. Extracranial pathology the carotid arteries major underlying reason stroke. Given role alimentary factors development atherosclerosis arteries, possible influence food additives on sinus structure special interest. Monosodium glutamate one most common that allowed for...

We report on a case of a female patient who had serious side effects from treatment with clozapine and chlorpromazine and the appeared to have a withdrawal reaction from cessation of clozapine. During the treatment process she was misdiagnosed as having malignant syndrome. This case highlights the importance of clinicians being able to distinguish malignant syndrome from withdrawal reactions, a...