A separation of duties between software developers is usually proposed to cope with formal verification issues within the ModelDriven Engineering (MDE) paradigm. MDE experts are responsible for the definition of models and model transformations, while formal verification experts conduct the verification process. This schema should be aided by (semi)automatic translations from the MDE elements t...

There is a growing literature which analyses, using cross-country data, whether institutions or geography is the most important deep determinant of economic development. The empirical proxies for institutions used in this literature focus on the definition of institutions, formal and informal. This study argues that the concept of informal institutions is similar to social capital. However, the...

Just as conventional institutions are organisational structures for coordinating the activities of multiple interacting individuals, electronic institutions provide a computational analogue for coordinating the activities of multiple interacting software agents. In this paper, we argue that open multi-agent systems can be effectively designed and implemented as electronic institutions, for whic...

Institutions with proof-theoretic structure, here called ‘institutions with proofs’, provide a complete formal notion for the intuitive notion of logic, including both the model and the proof theoretic sides. This paper introduces a concept of proof rules for institutions and argues that the proof systems of the actual institutions with proofs are freely generated by their presentations as syst...

geopolitical imagination, by definition, is the competition between powers in forming individuals’, institutions’ and political factors’ perception of the characteristics and contents of geographical space, on the basis of their intended interests. in this article, as a case study, the us perception of the :union: of soviet socialist republics during the cold war era is analysed. the authors ar...

Formal financial institutions failed to reach the poorer sections of the rural society due to informational asymmetry, moral hazard and enforcement problems. The necessity of having alternative rural credit systems which will solve the problems of rural credit institutions is clearly warranted. Micro finance institutions are seen to have characteristics that help solve the problems moral hazard...

The paper deals with the issue of decisional efficiency at European level, given EU’s large bureaucracy and complex decision-making system. The functionality of institutions seems to be assured, to large extent, by the development of a parallel system of informal (or semi-formal) rules and procedures for negotiation and decision-making, which complements and sometimes replaces the formal proced...

this paper aims to comprehend the intrinsic limitations of the market players in the financial system and how these create a situation of `missing middle` for small and medium industries (sme) financing in bangladesh. a clear dualism prevails in the manufacturing industry of this country. while the smes maintains the biggest share in establishments and employment creation, large enterprises (le...

An alternative approach, sometimes called the public health or “environmental” perspective, tends to focus on formal laws, policies, and practices that affect the production, distribution, sales, and marketing of alcoholic beverages, or formal mechanisms that affect the drinkers themselves, such as drunk driving laws. These prevention programs generally promote policy changes by working through...