Limits and colimits of diagrams, defined by maps between sets, are universal constructions fundamental in different mathematical domains and key concepts in theoretical computer science. Its importance in semantic modeling is described by M. Makkai and R. Paré in [1], where it is formally shown that every axiomatizable theory in classical infinitary logic can be specified using diagrams defined...

Recently a new model of 2d quantum gravity has been proposed [1]. It is defined using dynamical triangulations from a subclass of diagrams which can be given a causal structure. Such diagrams are generated by gluing together one dimensional time–slices or “universes” (in our case a set of vertices connected by space-like links forming a diagram with the topology of a circle) with time-like link...

Abstract In this study, a new test method using protruding punch was proposed, that can separate bending and stretching deformations. test, the blank makes simultaneous contact with head shoulder to ensure constant angle during test. After contact, increasing stroke increases amount of stretch deformation without changing deformation. addition, control inflow materials by controlling BHF, it is...