The rapid increase in specialty cardiac, surgical, and orthopedic hospitals has captured the attention of general hospitals and policymakers. Although the number of specialty hospitals remains small in absolute terms, their entry into certain health care markets has fueled arguments about the rules of "fair" competition among health care providers. To allow the smoke to clear, Congress effectiv...

The development of paediatric medicine as a formal field of medical specialisation is usually traced to the mid-nineteenth century at the earliest. While it is true that formal specialisation in children's medicine was not, on the whole, typical for eighteenth-century medical practitioners, many displayed a deep and lasting interest in the diseases of children, and were consequently eager to de...

In this respect Professor Andrew is admirably sensitive to the impact of ideology and thus to generational shifts in the mood and direction of giving.* Around 1700, much hope was invested in putting the poor to work, and money was pumped into workshops and charity schools for that end. By the 1750s, with Britain committed to vast imperial wars, nurturing manpower (and womanpower) had assumed fa...