This paper proposes a theoretical explanation for the impact of ‘social expectation’ on the growth of civil society in Japan. Why has civil society developed as it has in Japan? Contrary to the image of Japan as a ‘strong and controlling’ nation-state, we find that private citizens—the nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders, scholars on community planning, and younger liberal politicians—se...

Biometrics is the study of automatically recognizing humans by means of inherently unique physical or behavioural characteristics. The human physical characteristics like fingerprints, face, hand geometry, voice, Signature, palm and iris are known as biometrics. These features are used to provide an authentication for computer based security systems. The existing computer security systems used ...

OBJECTIVES To explore the nurses' expectations and experience about pharmacists in private sector hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2012 in five private sector hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. A convenient sample of nurses (n=377) were enrolled in this study. Data was obtained through a previously validated questionnaire. Respo...

Substantial evidence indicates that infants expect agents to move directly to their goals when no obstacles block their paths, but the representations that articulate this expectation and its robustness have not been characterized. Across three experiments (total N=60), 6-month-old infants responded to a novel, curvilinear action trajectory on the basis of its efficiency, in accord with the exp...

The Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm [1, 2] is one of the most widely used algorithms in statistics. Suppose we are given some observed data X and a model family parametrized by θ, and would like to find the θ which maximizes p(X |θ), i.e. the maximum likelihood estimator. The basic idea of EM is actually quite simple: when direct maximization of p(X |θ) is complicated we can augment the...

The Expectation Maximisation (EM) algorithm is a procedure that iteratively optimises parameters of a given model, to maximise the likelihood of observing a given (training) dataset. Assuming that our framework has unobserved data, X, observed data, Y , parameters Θ, and a likelihood function L(X,Y,Θ) = P(X,Y |Θ), we can derive the steps of the algorithm as follows: 1. Choose initial parameters...

Let μ and λ be two positive bounded measures on the same meaurable space (Ω,F). We call μ and λ equivalent, and write μ ≡ λ, if they have the same null sets— so, if they were probability measures, the notion of “a.s.” would be the same for both. More generally, we call λ absolutely continuous (AC) w.r.t. μ, and write λ μ, if μ(A) = 0 implies λ(A) = 0, i.e., if every μ-null set is also λ-null. W...

There have been few researches on social cognition on Taiwanese females. The topics of female business start-up and the female empirical research on social cognition are the principle areas for recent researches. Lent, Brown & Hackett (1994) proposed the social cognitive career theory, which addresses the relationship between individual expectation to capability and career, target selection, an...