Rapid remodeling of the microtubule (MT) array is important in large motile cells because such cells are constantly in the process of changing their shape. In fibroblast-like cells, MTs form a radial array emerging from the centrosome with minus ends tethered at the centrosome and plus ends extending towards the cell periphery (reviewed by Desai and Mitchison, 1997; Keating and Borisy, 1999). A...

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Sexual polyploidization through the formation and functioning of 2n gametes is considered a major route for plant speciation and diversification. The cellular mechanism underlying 2n gamete formation mostly involves a restitution of the meiotic cell cycle, generating dyads and triads instead of tetrad meiotic end-products. As an alternative mechanism, the tomato mutant pmcd1 (for pre-meiotic cy...

The genus Fucus dominates the intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky reefs of North Atlantic also is commonly found in Pacific. It likely diversified 12.2-2.7 mya into two genetically distinct lineages: Lineage 1 with one species Pacific Atlantic; 2 only (one recently introduced Pacific). With 10 accepted species, spp. (and Fucales) are unique among algae having a diplontic life cycle, whereby h...