We examine the life cycle costs, environmental discharges, and deaths of moving coal via rail, coal gas via pipeline, and electricity via wire from the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming to Texas. Which method has least social cost depends on how much additional investment in rail line, transmission, or pipeline infrastructure is required, as well as how much and how far energy is transported....

The main purpose of the leakage detection system on a gas pipeline is to give a warning of the dangers related to a gas leak that could endanger human lives and cause material loss. There is a wide range of gas detection systems used to provide an early detection and warning in the event of a leak in a gas pipeline, one of which that is wired monitoring system. However, in its implementation, t...

Natural gas pipeline systems give merchants the ability to trade natural gas across time and geographical markets. That is, these systems embed two types of assets that merchants manage as real options: storage and transport. The current literature has studied the merchant management of these assets in isolation. In contrast, we consider their joint merchant management, which we model as a Mark...

Methane emissions from natural gas delivery and end use must be quantified to evaluate the environmental impacts of natural gas and to develop and assess the efficacy of emission reduction strategies. We report natural gas emission rates for 1 y in the urban region of Boston, using a comprehensive atmospheric measurement and modeling framework. Continuous methane observations from four stations...

South Korea has a plan to realize hydrogen economy, and it is essential establish main pipeline for transport. This study develops cost estimation model applicable the construction of pipelines conducts an economic analysis evaluate various scenarios construction. As result, modifying existing natural gas lowest, however, there are issues with safety modified pipes from necessity pipelines. In ...

Natural-gas pipeline accidents mostly result in major damage even to buildings located far away. Therefore, proper safety distances should be observed in land use planning to ensure target safety levels for both existing and new buildings. In this paper, a quantitative risk assessment procedure is presented for the estimation of the annual probability of direct structural damage to reinforced c...

The electroma.gnetic, noncontact transducer (EMAT) is particularly well suited to ultrasonic inspec~ tion problems where it is difficult or impossible to couple the sound into the object being tested ~ through a liquid or grease layer. For inspecting buried natural gas pipelines, the inspection process must be carried out by a self contained instrument package blown through the pipe by the gas ...

Designing optimal microstructures for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes is complicated due to the multitude of electro-chemo-physical phenomena taking place simultaneously that directly affect working conditions of a SOFC electrode and its performance. In this study, a new design paradigm is presented to obtain a balance between electrochemical sites in the form of triple phase boundary (...