Gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) is a physiological phenomenon occurring in every individual. Gastro-esophageal reflux Disease (GERD) is a pathological condition where the reflux into the esophagus causes local changes and aspiration of the gastric contents in to the lungs can cause serious, even life threatening conditions. GERD is common but under-diagnosed condition in children. There are fund...

AIMS To determine the value of squamous mucosal histology in the assessment of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. METHODS Sixty six patients with reflux symptoms underwent endoscopy with oesophageal biopsy, manometry, and 24 hour oesophageal pH testing. The following histological features were assessed in squamous mucosa: the degree of basal cell hyperplasia, the degree of papi...

Approximately a third of patients with suspected gastro-oesophageal reflux disease are resistant or partial responders to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Many of these patients do not have gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, but suffer from functional heartburn or dyspepsia. The potential mechanisms underlying failure of PPI treatment in patients with reflux-related symptoms include persistence o...