throughout prehistory, the cultures of iran and western asia differed in important respects. many of these differencescan be attributed to the different geographic and environmental conditions in the two regions. western iran is largely aheavily divided mountainous region with difficult access whereas mesopotamia is relatively flat and open to travel andtrade. the early holocene environment of ...

In order to determine morphological characteristics of Fusarium species associated with root and stem of maize in Kermanshah province, duringtwo growing seasons of 2006-2008, 110 samples, mostly from diseased plants were collected from different geographic regions of the province. The collecting localities were Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Qasr Shirin, Sonqor, Kangavar, Bisotun, Ravansar, Kermans...

Patterns of intraspecific geographic variation of signaling systems provide insight into the microevolutionary processes driving phenotypic divergence. The acoustic calls of bats are sensitive to diverse evolutionary forces, but processes that shape call variation are largely unexplored. In China, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum displays a diverse call frequency and inhabits a heterogeneous landscape...

Dryland cereals and legumes  are important crops in farming systems across the world.  Yet they are frequently neglected among the priorities for international agricultural research and development, often due to lack of information on their magnitude and extent. Given what we know about the global distribution of dryland cereals and legumes, what regions should be high priority for research and...

The ecological niche of a species is defined by an array of biotic and abiotic requirements that allow organisms to live and reproduce in a geographic region. Abiotic data from the ecological niche in combination with occurrence data can be used to predict the potential geographic distribution of a species in different regions. Potential geographic distributions are useful in predicting the ext...

Multivariate statistical techniques such as principal components analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) have been widely used to summarize the structure of human genetic variation, often in easily visualized two-dimensional maps. Many recent studies have reported similarity between geographic maps of population locations and MDS or PCA maps of genetic variation inferred from single-n...

Cadaveric liver transplantation is the only viable therapy for end-stage liver disease patients without a living donor. However, this type of transplantation is hindered in the United States by donor scarcity and rapid viability decay. Given these difficulties, the current U.S. liver transplantation and allocation policy attempts to balance allocation likelihood and geographic proximity by allo...

In this paper, we introduce a new spatially constrained clustering problem called the max-p-regions problem. It involves the clustering of a set of geographic areas into the maximum number of homogeneous regions such that the value of a spatially extensive regional attribute is above a predefined threshold value. We formulate the max-p-regions problem as a mixed integer programming (MIP) proble...

Recently, the interest has been focused on dynamic applications with geographic reference. These applications are commonly called as spatio-temporal applications and examine phenomena, which occur in specific geographical regions and change over time. In addition, data collected to model and analyze a phenomenon are accompanied with uncertainty. Current GIS technology turns out to be inefficien...