Glutamate transporters in the tiger salamander retina were studied by autoradiographic and intracellular recording techniques. When the retina was incubated with 15 microM L-[3H]glutamate, photoreceptors and Muller cells were labeled, indicating that these cells had high-affinity glutamate uptake transporters. A much higher dose of glutamate than kainate was required in the bath to produce the ...

OF DISSERTATION DISRUPTIONS IN THE REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR GLUTATMATE AFTER DIFFUSE BRAIN INJURY By Jason Michael Hinzman Glutamate, the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is involved in almost all aspects of neurological function including cognition, motor function, memory, learning, decision making, and neuronal plasticity. For normal neurological funct...

Glutamate is a main constituent of dietary protein and is also consumed in many prepared foods as an additive in the form of monosodium glutamate. Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that glutamate is a major oxidative fuel for the gut and that dietary glutamate is extensively metabolized in first pass by the intestine. Glutamate also is an important precursor for bioactive molecul...

Neuroprotective effect of the extract from aerial parts of Scrophularia striata Boiss(Scrophulariaceae) was investigated against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity on cultured rat pupsCerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs). CGNs from 8 days old Sprague-Dawley rat were preparedand cultured. The experiments were performed after 8 days in culture. The plant was collected fromthe northeastern part (Ruin re...

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is known to contain estrogen (E)- concentrating neurons. In addition, injections of E into BST have been reported to potentiate the sympathoinhibitory arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) responses elicited by glutamate (Glu) stimulation. In this study, the effect of GABA-A antagonist receptors, bicuculline methiodide (BMI), in the rostral ven...

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neural disorder in which abnormal plastic changes during short and long term periods lead to increased excitability of brain tissue. Kindling is an animal model of epileptogenesis which results in changes of synaptic plasticity due to repetitive electrical or chemical sub-convulsive stimulations of the brain. Lateral hypothalamus, as the main niche of orexin neurons ...

We hypothesized that cystine/glutamate transporters (xCTs) might be critical regulators of ambient extracellular glutamate levels in the nervous system and that misregulation of this glutamate pool might have important neurophysiological and/or behavioral consequences. To test this idea, we identified and functionally characterized a novel Drosophila xCT gene, which we subsequently named "gende...

The glutamine-glutamate cycle provides neurons with astrocyte-generated glutamate/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and oxidizes glutamate in astrocytes, and it returns released transmitter glutamate/GABA to neurons after astrocytic uptake. This review deals primarily with the glutamate/GABA generation/oxidation, although it also shows similarity between metabolic rates in cultured astrocytes and inta...