background: gamma -aminobutyric acid (gaba), a non-protein amino acid acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammalians. the glutamate decarboxylase (gad) is responsible for the conversion of l-glutamate to gaba. the human brain has two isoforms of this enzyme, gad65 and gad67 that differ in molecular weight, amino acid sequence, antigenicity, cellular location ...

introduction: morphine withdrawal syndrome is mediated via several central and peripheral neurological pathways. in the present study we investigated the role of n-methyl-d aspartic acid (nmda) glutamate receptor on naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome in morphine-conditioned mice. materials and methods: we designed two separate experiments. in experiment one, 30 male nmri mice were divided int...

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) has been known to contain estrogen (E)-concentrating neurons. In addition, injections of E into BST have been reported to potentiate the sympathoinhibitory arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) responses elicited by glutamate (Glu) stimulation. In this study, the effect of glutamate antagonist receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL...

Introduction: Recent advances in the field of poly (2-oxazolines) as bio-inspired synthetic pseudopeptides have proven their potential biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. Methods: In order to fabricate a biodegradable micellar nanoparticle of poly (2-ethyl 2-oxazoline)-b-poly (benzyl L-glutamate) or pEOx-b-pBLG, "grafting-from" synthesis approach was used invol...

The following study tried to determine whether Maillard reaction end product-embodied food is significantly more alluring, rewarding, addictive, and cardiovascular taxing than product-free meals. As importantly, does product-containing fare exhibit tolerance measured by increased total calorie consumption per day, progression rising amounts of overweight, withdrawal frequent urges snack dine pr...

Key points Recent studies have repeatedly demonstrated the cross-talk of heterogeneous signals between neuronal and glial circuits. Here, we investigated mechanism influence physiological interactions neurons glia in cerebellum. We found that cerebellar astrocytes, Bergmann cells, react to exogenously applied glutamate, glutamate transporter substrate (d-aspartate) synaptically released glutama...