background and objective: biodeterioration is an irreversible damage that is caused by colonization of microorganisms on the surface of different materials. among all microorganisms, fungi play an important role in deterioration of materials. fungi can colonize on stone surfaces and by secreting different enzymes, organic and inorganic acids and pigments, can cause bio-weathering and changing n...

due to the different factors and complexity of their effects on healthy and sustainability of urban forest, this study has been tried by means of determining effective factors in ecosystem, and dividing sorkhe hesar man made forest park to homogeneous units according to natural factors (slope, aspect, high, soil depth, mixture and pure planting system) and human factors (amount of irrigation an...

We n&asured leaf respiration in 18 eastern deciduous forest tree species to determine if there were differences in tempera i m-respiration response functions among species or among c opy positions. Leaf respiration rates were measured in situ an4 on detached branches fordcerpensylvanicum L., A. rubrum i., Betula spp. (B. alleghaniensis Britt. and B. renta L.), Caryq glabra (Mill.) Sweet, Cornus...

The height to crown base (hcb) is a critical measure used in many investigations as an input variable investigate the vigour of stands, social position trees, and evaluate behaviour forest fires, among other uses. Though measuring height-related variables field always time-consuming, foremost benefits offered by modelling hcb are that it permits generalize average very uneven attribute and, fur...

A new smut fungus, Urocystis phalaridis, is described on Phalaris sp. (Poaceae) from Iran.