Introduction The techniques for reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are still being developed. There are some options when choosing a graft for PCL reconstruction. The bone tendon bone (BTB) and semitendinosus and gracilis tendons (STG) are widely used, but both have advantages and disadvantages. Each result after ligament reconstruction has been reviewed. However, few studi...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate knee function in patients undergoing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using the central third of the patellar ligament or the medial flexor tendons of the knee, i.e. quadruple ligaments from the semitendinosus and gracilis (ST-G), by means of the Knee Society Score (KSS) and the Lysholm scale. METHODS This was a randomized prospective longitudinal ...

Radiation as a treatment option for prostate cancer has been chosen by many patients. One of the side effects encountered are radiation-induced urethral strictures which occur in up to 11% of patients. Radiation damage has often left the irradiated field fibrotic and with poor vascularization which make these strictures a challenging entity to treat. The mainstay of urologic management remains ...

CONTEXT Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries lead to pain and loss of performance in the thrower's elbow. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a reliable treatment option for the symptomatic, deficient UCL. Injury to the UCL usually occurs because of chronic accumulation of microtrauma, although acute ruptures occur and an acute-on-chronic presentation is also common. EVIDEN...

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most commonly performed1 and most successful procedures in sports medicine. Various autograft choices have been used for ACL reconstruction,2 and the results in terms of stability and return to sports activities have been good.3 The ideal autograft should have optimal mechanical properties and low donor-site morbidity. T...

The photosynthetic protist Euglena gracilis contains chloroplasts surrounded by three membranes which arise from secondary endosymbiosis. The genes petA and petD, encoding cytochrome f and subunit IV of the cytochrome bf complex, normally present in chloroplast genomes, are lacking from the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of E. gracilis. The bf complex of E. gracilis was isolated, and the identities of...

Patellar Tendon (PT) rupture is an uncommon injury of the knee extensors. Majority PT ruptures occur at insertion site, on inferior pole patella as avulsion injury, mostly in males <40 years age and involving sports persons or accidental cases. A case series 10 cases neglected were managed with primary repair along augmentation semitendinosus gracilis (Hamstring tendons) graft. Patient follo...

Euglena gracilis, a microalgal species of unicellular flagellate protists, has attracted much attention in both the industrial and academic sectors due to recent advances in the mass cultivation of E. gracilis that have enabled the cost-effective production of nutritional food and cosmetic commodities. In addition, it is known to produce paramylon (β-1,3-glucan in a crystalline form) as reserve...