While there is increasing interest in decarbonizing or greening monetary policy, central banks are keen to maintain market neutrality. However, evidence that the has a bias towards carbon-intensive companies. The paper develops method tilt European Central Bank’s (ECB) asset and collateral framework low-carbon assets. We find medium tilting approach reduces carbon emissions ECB’s corporate bank...

The typical angiosperm leaf, as in Arabidopsis, is bifacial consisting of top (adaxial) and bottom (abaxial) surfaces readily distinguishable by the underlying cell type (palisade and spongy mesophyll, respectively). Species of the genus Populus have leaves that are either conventionally bifacial or isobilateral. Isobilateral leaves have palisade mesophyll on the top and bottom of the leaf, mak...

Bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize leaves contain about one-fourth as much light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of photosystem II (LHCP-II) as do mesophyll chloroplasts. We have determined that this difference is, in part, the result of differential expression of different LHCP-II genes. We have prepared and partially characterized cDNA clones specific for six LHCP-II genes of maiz...

Intact plastids from greening maize (Zea mays L.) leaves converted [(14)C]glutamate and [(14)C]2-ketoglutarate (KG) to [(14)C]5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Glutamate appeared to be the immediate precursor of ALA, while KG was first converted to glutamate, as shown by the effect of various inhibitors of amino acid metabolism. Plastids from greening leaves contained markedly higher activity as com...

To analyse the energy status of Vicia faba embryos in relation to differentiation processes, we measured ATP concentrations directly in cryosections using a quantitative bioluminescence-based imaging technique. This method provides a quantitative picture of the ATP distribution close to the in vivo situation. ATP concentrations were always highest within the axis. In pre-storage cotyledons, the...

Dust deposition to mountain snow cover, which has increased since the late 19(th) century, accelerates the rate of snowmelt by increasing the solar radiation absorbed by the snowpack. Snowmelt occurs earlier, but is decoupled from seasonal warming. Climate warming advances the timing of snowmelt and early season phenological events (e.g., the onset of greening and flowering); however, earlier s...

The effects of cr-amanitin on light induction of the two mRNAs of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) in greening pea leaves were examined. Induction of the nuclear-coded small-subunit mRNA but not of the chloroplast-coded large-subunit mRNA was significantly reduced by a-amanitin, indicating that the steady-state level of the large-subunit mRNA is not directly affected by tha...

Crop Fe deficiency is a worldwide problem. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of foliar Fe applications in two species grown in different environments: peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees grown in the field and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. "Orbis") grown in hydroponics. The distal half of Fe-deficient, chlorotic leaves was treated with Fe sulfate by dipping and using a brush...

Citrus greening (Huanglongbing [HLB]) is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide. The causal agent of HLB in Florida is thought to be 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. Understanding of the early events in HLB infection is critical for the development of effective measures to control the disease. In this work, we conducted cytopathological studies by following the development...