polypeptides that act as endocrine mediators of growth hormone (GH)-induced actions. They also function in a paracrine and autocrine manner to regulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and transformation. The IGF system is a complex network comprised of two growth factors (IGF-I and -II), cell surface receptors (IGF-IR and -IIR), high affinity binding proteins (IGFBP), IGFBP proteases as...

Human growth hormone (GH) was first isolated from the human pituitary gland in 1945 and found to promote the growth of children with hypopituitarism. Since the formation of the World Anti-Doping Association, human GH has appeared on the list of forbidden substances. There is a significant amount of anecdotal evidence that human GH is misused by athletes to enhance performance, and there have be...

GH and IGF-I are important regulators of bone homeostasis and are central to the achievement of normal longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. Although GH may act directly on skeletal cells, most of its effects are mediated by IGF-I, which is present in the systemic circulation and is synthesized by peripheral tissues. The availability of IGF-I is regulated by IGF binding proteins. IGF-I enhanc...

Plasma concentrations of insulin, cortisol and growth hormone, and growth velocities have been measured in a group of Gambian village children up to 3 years of age. All three hormones showed changes in concentration with age, as did rates of growth. 2. Plasma insulin concentrations in the children were directly correlated with velocity of growth in height and weight, whereas cortisol concentrat...

objective: polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is one of the most common endocrinological disorders among women of reproductive age and the leading cause of female infertility. this study intends to evaluate the lipid profile, hormonal levels [free t3 (ft3), free t4 (ft4), thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh), insulin, luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), and prolactin] in pc...

In July 1921, researchers in Canada isolated the hormone insulin. This discovery profoundly changed lives of people with diabetes. But insulin remains unaffordable and inaccessible many parts world.

The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like factor (IGF) axis is one of the main drivers mammalian and development. Pituitary secretion GH pulsatile under positive negative hypothalamic control, as well stimulation from gastric-secreted acyl-ghrelin. acts both directly via GH-receptor (GHR) indirectly IGF1 production to induce anabolic metabolic responses at multiple target tissues. In this review, we...

background : insulin-like growth factor-1 can act in both an autocrine and paracrine manner to promote normal growth and malignant cellular proliferation. the importance of this factor as a major regulatory peptide has been established for cells, in vitro and in vivo. however, the role of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate canc...