Aim A primary goal of community ecology is to understand the mechanisms that drive species' spatial distribution and habitat associations. Species' geographic can be influenced by their prey partly because consumers' behaviour oriented optimal energy use during foraging. We analysed how differences in dietary preferences influence associations species at landscape scale. hypothesized feeding gu...

In Ottoman Empire cosmology was integrated with theology in the religious orders. Temporally and socially their descent goes hand rise of guilds. This coexistence vakıflar guild explained ideal type method Weber two different social coordination, which are integration inclusion. An based on community norms could be achieved by generalizing interest ethical and/or ethnic leader vakıflar. On othe...

Studies on the exploitation of trophic resources allow to establish interactions between predators and predator-prey, this dynamic can present fluctuations over time space. We analysed stomach contents 19 anuran species from tropical dry forests Colombia, quantified overlap identified guilds. Most were generalists in diet (89.5%), some with strong prey dominance only two classified as specialis...

AND INTRODUCTION The history of early India saw drastic social, political, and economic changes through its many ages and eras. Every time period had its unique interweaving of opposing and coalescing forces that set the dynamics for the culture of the time. These dynamics had far-reaching consequences, one of which was a profound influence of the ideology, practice, and development of religiou...

one of the most traditional architecture and urban planning patterns is bazaar. the aim of this paper is studying social, economical and architectural features of traditional bazaars. the claim of this study is that they are significant relationship between social and economical values of bazaars with their architectural values. bazaar usually is located along the main routes of the city and ex...

Rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture create challenges for the conservation of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. In Argentina, the total row crop planted area has increased in recent decades with the expansion of soybean cultivation, homogenizing the landscape. In 2003 we started the first long-term, large-scale bird monitoring program in agroecosystems of central Ar...

Indirect interactions as mediated by higher and lower trophic levels have been advanced as key forces structuring herbivorous arthropod communities around the globe. Here, we present a first quantification of the interaction structure of a herbivore-centered food web from the High Arctic. Targeting the Lepidoptera of Northeast Greenland, we introduce generalized overlap indices as a novel tool ...

A total of 1,794 migrating birds trapped at a coastal site in southern Sweden were sampled for detection of Campylobacter spp. All isolates phenotypically identified as Campylobacter jejuni and a subset of those identified as non-C. jejuni were identified to the species level by PCR-based techniques. C. jejuni was found in 5.0% of the birds, Campylobacter lari was found in 5.6%, and Campylobact...

Stream assemblages are structured by a combination of local (environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional factors (e.g., dispersal related processes). The relative importance of environmental and spatial (i.e., regional) factors structuring stream assemblages has been frequently assessed in previous large-scale studies, but biotic predictors (potentially reflecting local biotic...