This work demonstrates two DNA-based logic circuits that behave as a half-adder and a half-subtractor. A half-adder is composed of an AND gate and an XOR gate, whereas a half-subtractor consists of an INH gate and an XOR gate. The proposed designs are inspired by molecular beacons.

Ecological character displacement (ECD), the evolutionary divergence of competing species, has oscillated wildly in scientific opinion. Initially thought to play a central role in community assembly and adaptive radiation, ECD recovered from a 1980s nadir to present-day prominence on the strength of many case studies compiled in several influential reviews. However, we reviewed recent studies a...

African history and world history each became substantial fields of historical study in the aftermath of the Second World War. African history organized rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, an era dominated by modernization-thinking. World history developed slowly until the 1990s, then quickly expanded and generated institutional homes in a time of globalization-thinking. This piece considers issues...

In Germany the performance of opening the electricity markets proves to be poor. While the sector’s productivity nearly doubled, the customers were left out in the cold. In actuality, the generated redistribution mass remained in the firms. There, the management used the threat of competition as an instrument for rationalisation and for the moderation of wage growth, while it simultaneously and...

In this discussion we will be confining ourselves to the causes of the war and the war itself. First, we will examine the background and events preceeding the war. Second, we will discuss the war itself, including a focus on some of the events which could have tipped the balance in favour of either side. Finally, we will briefly examine the immediate aftermath of the war, and the implications t...

An LED backlight has been designed using the flow-line design method. This method allows a very efficient control of the light extraction. The light is confined inside the guide by total internal reflection, being extracted only by specially calculated surfaces: the ejectors. Backlight designs presented here have a total optical efficiency of up to 80% (including Fresnel and absorption losses) ...

There are hundreds of thousands of oil and gas wells across North America that are not currently producing oil or gas. Many of these wells have not been permanently decommissioned to meet environmental standards for permanent closure, but left in a inactive state that enables the well to be more easily reactivated. Some of the wells have been temporarily inactive for more than sixty years which...