We consider electron heating in the sheath regions of capacitive discharges excited by a combination of two frequencies, one much higher than the other. There is a common supposition that in such discharges the higher frequency is the dominant source of electron heating. In this letter, we discuss closed analytic expressions quantifying the Ohmic and collisionless electron heating in a dual fre...

A pulsed, 20 kv electron beam is focussed upon a vapor-deposited thermocouple, and the resulting temperature vs. time response is studied. The experimental data show much scatter, but are consistent with the theoretical prediction that the characteristic thermal response time T is proportional to d , where d is the beam diameter at the thermocouple. From these data, for the soft-glass substrate...

FAK directs tumor immune evasion Tumors are adept at escaping immune system surveillance or suppressing immune system activity. Serrels et al. found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is implicated in immune escape mechanisms, activated a transcriptional network that increased interleukin-33 (IL-33) levels in tumor cells. In a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma, FAK–IL-33 complexes boo...

This paper presents the preliminary modelling perspectives of an ongoing project where a flexible simulation tool for component and system analysis of district heating consumer installations is developed. The simulation tool makes it possible to simulate district heating consumer installations containing water based central heating systems, domestic hot tap water systems, buildings as well as l...

Recently, interest has developed in pulsed heating effects on a copper surface[1]. Pulsed heating is one of the limits on the gradient of a structure based linac. The heat generated by an intense RF pulse on the metal surface can result in hundreds of degrees of temperature rise at 1 GeV/m. After a certain number of cycles, the metal may crack due to thermal fatigue and the surface properties m...

Electrical stimulation (ES) is a modality used to increase skin blood flow (SBF) and to aid in wound healing. A greater SBF in non wounded skin is induced if ES is used in a warm environment compared to a thermoneutral environment, where ES is usually applied. Therefore, in this paper, a method to investigate the effect of local heating and ES on the SBF is developed. A total of 33 males (18-40...

A set of constraints is derived for the operating characteristics of tokamak power reactors which are bulk heated by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). Four heating modes are considered: ordinary wave heating at the electron cyclotron frequency, 0, and at the second harmonic frequency, 20, and extraordinary wave heating at 0 and at 20. For ordinary wave heating at 1, which appears to ...

We have previously reported species differences in the rate of skin heating in response to millimeter wavelength microwave exposure. We hypothesized that these differences were predominantly a function of species differences in the ability to increase skin blood flow during local heating. Mathematical modeling also suggested that, in humans, the rate of skin heating during prolonged millimeter ...

The ‘‘coronal heating problem’’ has been with us over 60 years, and hundreds of theoretical models have been proposed without an obvious solution in sight. In this paper we point out that observations show no evidence for local heating in the solar corona, but rather for heating below the corona in the transition region and upper chromosphere, with subsequent chromospheric evaporation as known ...

Using the cosmic virial theorem, Press-Schechter analysis and numerical simulations, we compute the expected X-ray background (XRB) from the diffuse IGM with the clumping factor expected from gravitational shock heating. The predicted fluxes and temperatures are excluded from the observed XRB. The predicted clumping can be reduced by entropy injection. The required energy is computed from the t...