The S protein of bovine coronavirus (BCV) has been isolated from the viral membrane and purified by gradient centrifugation. Purified S protein was identified as a viral hemagglutinin. Inactivation of the cellular receptors by sialate 9-O-acetylesterase and generation of receptors by sialylation of erythrocytes with N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) indicate that S protein recogniz...

Abstract Background and Aims: Influenza A(H5N1) viruses  circulating in animals might evolve and acquire the ability to spread from  human to human and thus start a pandemic. Hemagglutinin (HA) has been shown to play a major role in binding of influenza virus to its target cell and the main neutralizing antibody responses elicit against this region. Recent studies have shown that...

Lectins are capable of cell agglutination by interacting with the surface exposed glycans. that agglutinate erythrocytes called hemagglutinin. These compounds occur in various organisms including plants. In this study, twenty edible vegetables were subjected to screen for haemagglutination and lectin activity. Lectin activity was assessed measuring inhibition ability different sugars. PBS (Phos...

Abbreviations used are: AAA ATPase: ATPase associated with various cellular activities; VCP: valosin-containing protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ERassociated degradation; NZF: Npl4 zinc finger; UBA domain: Ubiquitin-associated domain; GST: glutathione S-transferase; HA: hemagglutinin; IB: immunoblotting; IP: immunoprecipitation; RNAi: RNA interference; siRNA: small interference RNA; RI...

Background: Swine flu has become a life-threatening disease involving two main proteins neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA). Inhibition of NA, the protein responsible for initiation viral infection is important treatment step in eradication swine flu. In silico analysis natural compounds serves as lead drug development. Objective: The aim this study to obtain 3 dimensional structure (HIN1...

Members of the epsin family of proteins (epsins) are characterized by the presence of an epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain. Epsins have been implicated in various protein-trafficking pathways in animal and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. Plant cells also contain multiple epsin-related proteins. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), EPSIN1 is involved in vacuolar trafficking of so...

Current models for membrane fusion in diverse biological processes are focused on the local action of fusion proteins present in the contact zone where the proteins anchored in one membrane might interact directly with the other membrane. Are the fusion proteins outside of the contact zone just bystanders? Here we assess the role of these "outsider" proteins in influenza virus hemagglutinin-med...

Three cases of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) found in nature had the lentogenic motif (112)G-R-Q-G-R-L(117) in their fusion protein cleavage sites. However, both intracerebral pathogenicity and intravenous pathogenicity indexes showed that these NDV isolates were virulent. In comparison with the LaSota live virus vaccine, these viruses had significant genetic variations in the hemagglutinin-neu...

Protein thermodynamics are an integral determinant of viral fitness and one of the major drivers of protein evolution. Mutations in the influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) protein can eliminate neutralizing antibody binding to mediate escape from preexisting antiviral immunity. Prior research on the IAV nucleoprotein suggests that protein stability may constrain seasonal IAV evolution; h...