BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare, from a Chinese societal perspective, the projected health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of adding pneumococcal conjugate heptavalent vaccine (PCV-7) to the routine compulsory child immunization schedule. METHODS A decision-tree model, with data and assumptions adapted for relevance to China, was developed to project the health out...

BACKGROUND Malaysia still faces challenges optimizing resources to effectively eliminate measles through high immunization and herd immunity, with sporadic outbreaks of measles as evidence. The objective of this study is to determine the age-specific positive measles antibodies seroprevalence used for assessing the establishment of herd immunity against measles in different age groups. This is ...

Covid-19 had been the global pandemic cases across world since WHO declared it as diseases. It has crisis which impacted globally on health and economic sector at a time. This review article covered detail of COVID-19 in brief detail, its epidemiological data, herd immunity vaccination program, vaccine development status. Also this nanotechnology used process future prospective. concerned over ...

In late December 2019, a novel species of the coronavirus family, which was further called severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or 2019-novel coronavirus, caused pneumonia-like presentations in cluster people Wuhan, China.1 Following SARS and Middle East pandemics 2002–2004 2012–2014, respectively, coroanvirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is third current century.2 Since its ide...

BACKGROUND Oral cholera vaccination is an approach to preventing outbreaks in at-risk settings and controlling cholera in endemic settings. However, vaccine-derived herd immunity may be short-lived due to interactions between human mobility and imperfect or waning vaccine efficacy. As the supply and utilization of oral cholera vaccines grows, critical questions related to herd immunity are emer...

To assess herd immunity to swine influenza viruses, we determined antibodies in 28 paired serum samples from participants in a prospective serologic cohort study in Hong Kong who had seroconverted to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Results indicated that infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 broadens cross-reactive immunity to other recent subtype H1 swine viruses.

AIM To establish whether universal vaccination of infants with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is likely to be cost-effective from the perspective of the health care provider (NHS). METHOD Two hypothetical cohorts--one vaccinated and one unvaccinated--were followed over their lifetime, and the expected net costs and benefits (measured in terms of life-years and quality adjusted life years ...

OBJECTIVE We aimed to epidemiologically assess rubella herd immunity as a function of time, age and gender in Japan, with reference to the recent 2012-2014 rubella epidemic. DESIGN This study is a retrospective seroepidemiological analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The susceptible fraction of the population was examined as a function of age and time. The age at infection was assessed using rep...