The human immune system presents remarkable inter-individual variability in response to pathogens or perturbations. Recent high-throughput technologies have enabled the identification of both heritable and non-heritable determinants variation between individuals. In this review, we summarize advances made through Human Functional Genomics Projects (HFGPs), challenges need for more refined strat...

Nervous systems are composed of populations of cells that are synaptically connected in a highly predictable manner, and we have called two interconnected populations a pair of matchingpopulations. Heritable genetic changes that affect a pair of matching populations can be evolutionary only when this matching quality is not disrupted. We distinguish two types of heritable change. Concordant her...