The type of research that the author uses is a qualitative using content analysis approach (Content Analysis), or what can be called study. This technique for making conclusion inference replicated and correctness data by taking into account context. object this explored through various information in form books, interpretations, journals. history science, which long process growth development ...

in russia (formerly ussr) study of biomodulation action (bma) mechanisms of low-intensity laser irradiation (lili) began in 1964, immediately after the development of lasers. during the period from 1965 to 1972 several dozens of scientific conferences were held, hundreds of studies were published. generally, secondary mechanisms and results of lili effect on patients with various diseases were ...

These essays collectively present new perspectives on the history of modem science in China since 1900. Fa-ti Fan describes how science under the Republic of China after 1911 exhibited a complex local and international character that straddled both imperialism and colonialism. Danian Hu focuses on the fate of relativity in the physics community in China after 1917. Zuoyue Wang hopes that a less...