Using the first nationally representative detailed income data for India from the 2005 India Human Development Survey (IHDS), Desai and colleagues (2010) reported Indian income inequality to have the high levels typical for lowand middle-income countries. The IHDS Gini of 0.52 puts India at a similar level as Brazil (0.49) and well above the levels observed even in the most unequal high-income ...

Received Based on a categorical semantics that has been developed recently we study composition and reenement as horizontal and vertical structuring techniques for typed graph transformation systems. Composition of graph transformation systems w.r.t. common subsystems is shown to be compatible with the semantics, i.e., the semantics of the composed system is obtained as the composition of the s...

Desktops are the most prevalent environment for productive use of computers. However, there is still a gap between physical and virtual desktops. Previous approaches merged both worlds into one interactive horizontal surface. We argue that horizontal and vertical surfaces serve different purposes and offer different advantages. Therefore, we propose the combination of both surfaces by a soft cu...

A square composed of horizontal lines appears taller and narrower than an identical square made up of vertical lines. Reporting this illusion, Hermann von Helmholtz noted that such illusions, in which filled space seems to be larger than unfilled space, were common in everyday life, adding the observation that ladies' frocks with horizontal stripes make the figure look taller. As this assertion...

Abstract In this paper we present an algebraic approach to statecharts as they are used in the Statemate tool in the style of "Petri-Nets are Monoids" for place-transition nets developed by Meseguer and Montanari. We apply the framework of high-level-replacement systems, a categorical generalization of graph transformation systems, in order to de ne union as horizontal as well as transformation...

Detecting, modeling and managing relationships between models are central tasks within model-driven engineering. By taking a simple view on software development, we distinguish in a vertical dimension between domain-specific models, core models, and executable models. A typical example for a vertical relationship is the refinement relationship beween a core model and an executable model. In the...

Although horizontal ground forces are only approximately 15% of vertical forces, they account for 47% and 33% of the metabolic cost in walking and running. To explain these disproportionately high metabolic costs, we hypothesized that low horizontal ground forces generate relatively high torques on body segments during locomotion and this is mediated by long moment arms. We compared external fo...

PURPOSE Research has shown that the orientation of the exiting wire from a scleral search coil (nasal in the original coil, inferior in the modified coil) influences the pattern of torsion associated with blinks, presumably due to the upper eyelid touching the wire. The present study was conducted to investigate whether coil wire orientation also influences the pattern of torsion during fixatio...

Introduction: The aim of this paper is to review integration experience in general dentistry curriculum in the world universities in the twenty-first century and advantage of it to review the same curriculum in Iran. Method: In this study, a qualitative method is used. First, by library research and the analysis and interpretation of data, integration of the dental curriculum were some prestig...