To some extent, the genetic theory of adaptive evolution in bacteria is a simple extension of that developed for sexually reproducing eukaryotes. In other, fundamental ways, the process of adaptive evolution in bacteria is quantitatively and qualitatively different from that of organisms for which recombination is an integral part of the reproduction process. In this speculative and opinionated...

L. Samal1; TA. Stavroudis2; RE. Miller3; HP. Lehmann4; CU. Lehmann5,* 1Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brighman and Women's Hospital; 2Division of Newborn and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles; 3Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 4Division of Health Sciences Informatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 5Divi...

Abatrect A kernel specification language called ASL is presented. ASL comprises five fundamental but powerful specificationbuilding operations and has a simple semantics. Behavioural abstraction with respect to a set of observable sorts san be expressed, and (recurstve) parameterisad specifications can be defined using a more powerful and more expressive parameterisation mechanism than usual. A...

Metagenomic approaches applied to viruses have highlighted their prevalence in almost all microbial ecosystems investigated. In all ecosystems, notably those associated with humans or animals, the viral fraction is dominated by bacteriophages. Whether they contribute to dysbiosis, i.e., the departure from microbiota composition in symbiosis at equilibrium and entry into a state favoring human o...

To illustrate the spatial resolution of measurements of Mercury’s surface elemental composition by the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer on the MESSENGER spacecraft after one year of orbital observations, we have simulated a global coverage map of the 846-keV iron gamma-ray count rate. The simulated map suggests that distinct geologic units larger than 800 km in horizontal dimension will be discernable wh...

in tourism, like any other service industry, the people offering service are a constituent part of the product, and their expertise, theoretical knowledge, and job skills undeniably affect the quality of services. hence, composition and implementation of human resource development strategies is of a great importance and education/training, therein, plays a major part. higher education, compared...

The use of nondeterminism in speci cations as distinct from underspeci cation is moti vated by an example in the context of data re nement A simple formalism for specifying nondeterministic data types is introduced Its semantics is given in terms of the existing formalisms of relations multialgebras sets of functions and oracles by means of appropri ate translation rules Nondeterministic data r...

This paper presents ongoing research on the application of PSF in the field of software engineering and reengineering. We build a new implementation for the simulator of the PSF Toolkit starting from the specification in PSF of the architecture of a simple simulator and extend it with features to obtain the architecture of a full simulator. We apply refining and constraining techniques on the s...

Hiram College conducts long-term vegetation monitoring to investigate changes in the structure and composition of the forests at the College's J.H. Barrow Field Station. This effort includes sampling tree dimensions data in fifty by twenty meter plots, with the goal of developing vertical and horizontal profiles of the forest structure. These structure data are traditionally depicted for visual...

The present study aimed at evaluating differences in rotifer distribution in three estuarine zones in an inverse estuary located in the Semiarid Region of Brazil. Zones were chosen based on their proximity to the ocean and river border as a means of reflecting a horizontal salinity gradient. High freshwater discharge during the rainy season was the major determinant of rotifer composition. On t...