Eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral pathogens are known to interfere with signaling pathways of their host to promote their own survival and proliferation. Here, we present selected examples of modulation of PAK activity in human cells by both intracellular and extracellular pathogens, focusing on one eukaryotic pathogen, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, two Gram-negative bacteri...

Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles. They considered as waste-management system of cells, crucial for intercellular communication information and have emerged to be mediators pathogen transmission. Pathogen derived exosomes advance infections by suppression host immune response, transmission pathogen-related molecules evasion. The ability from the virus infected cells modulate response and/or ...

1Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA 2Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA 3Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA 4Center for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia ...

A pathogen has the ability to access a privileged niche within a host. Pathogens often cause direct or indirect host cell damage to gain access to this niche, and most pathogenic species have characteristic attributes to interact with, or stay in very close proximity to, a precise cell type. Commensals and opportunists cause infections as well if they are introduced into a privileged site or if...

In this essay, I argue that unraveling the full genetic architecture (i.e., the number, position, effect, and interactions among genes underlying phenotypic variation) and molecular landscape of host–pathogen interactions can only be achieved by accounting for their genetic specificity. Indeed, the outcome of host–pathogen interactions often depends on the specific pairing of host and pathogen ...

To perform their functions proteins must interact with each other, but how these interactions influence bacterial infection remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that connectivity in the host-pathogen interactome is directly related to pathogen fitness during infection. Using Y. pestis as a model organism, we show that the centrality-lethality rule holds for pathogen fitness during infection but...

The development of massively parallel DNA sequencing is revealing the scale of mammalian bacterial colonization and suggests that Homo sapiens is colonized by between 103 and 104 bacterial phylotypes. The understanding of the complexity of host-bacterial interactions could explain why only a relatively tiny number of bacteria causing human diseases (Keijser et al., 2008; McKenna et al., 2008; H...

Sepsis is a major health problem. The concept that sepsis mortality is the result of an uncontrolled hyperinflammatory host response has recently been challenged. It is now widely thought that the host response to sepsis involves many, concomitant, integrated, and often antagonistic processes that involve both exaggerated inflammation and immune suppression. Several novel mediators and pathways...