BACKGROUND A host obtains symbionts by horizontal transmission when infected from the environment or contagiously from other hosts in the same generation. In contrast, vertical transmission occurs when a host obtains its symbionts directly from its parents. Either vertical or horizontal transmission can sustain an association between a host and its symbiont. QUESTIONS What evolutionary forces...

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems trigger the onset of a persister state by inhibiting essential cellular processes. The TacT toxin of Salmonella enterica is known to induce a persister state in macrophages through the acetylation of aminoacyl-tRNAs. Here, we show that the TacT toxin and the TacA antitoxin work as a complex that modulates TacT activity via the acetylation state of TacA. TacT ac...

Agromyzidae is a large and cosmopolitan fly family with approximately 2,500 known species. Here we present 22 new records of agromyzid-host plant associations. Plants were sampled from 2002 to 2005 in São Paulo state, Brazil. A total of eight agromyzid species were reared from 18 Asteraceae host species. The genus Melanagromyza Hendel was the commonest. This is the first detailed study reportin...

Many viral infections cause host shutoff, a state in which host protein synthesis is globally inhibited. Emerging evidence from vaccinia and influenza A virus infections indicates that subsets of cellular proteins are resistant to host shutoff and continue to be synthesized. Remarkably, the proteins of oxidative phosphorylation, the cellular-energy-generating machinery, are selectively synthesi...

The microbiome is known to have a profound effect on the development, physiology and health of its host. Whether and how it also contributes to evolutionary diversification of the host is, however, unclear. Here we hypothesize that disruption of the microbiome by new stressful environments interferes with host-microbe co-adaptation, contributes to host destabilization, and can drive irreversibl...

this report is part of a national project for gathering and classifying the arthropod seed feeders in different provinces of iran between 2008–2014. in this paper, nineteen host species with their areas of distribution are presented for twelve species of seed beetles (chrysomelidae: bruchinae). most of the identified host plants (84%) belong to the family fabaceae (leguminosae). in addition, al...

to examine the seroprevalence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (zvl) among rodents in azarshahr county, and to assess the possible association of infection among rodents in respect with transmission/prevalence of the disease among children, a survey was conducted during 2003-2004. azarshahr county is an endemic region for leishmaniasis and this research is the first study in determining the h...

In this paper, we study the question of who and what drives forced migration governance in origin, host, transit states, drawing on empirical material from contemporary Syrian Libyan, historical Algerian displacement situations. These three cases are examples for different approaches, ranging open-supportive (Algeria), to restrictive-selective (Syria) laissez-faire (Libya). We identify key driv...