The Kiruna mining district, Sweden, known for the type locality of Kiruna-type iron oxide–apatite (IOA) deposits, also hosts several Cu-mineralized deposits including oxide–copper–gold (IOCG), exhalative stratiform Cu-(Fe-Zn), and structurally controlled to stratabound Cu ± Au. However relationship between IOA Cu-systems has not been contextualized within regional tectonic evolution. A broader ...

JCilk extends the Java language to provide call-return semantics for multithreading, much as Cilk does for C. Java’s built-in thread model does not support the passing of exceptions or return values from one thread back to the “parent” thread that created it. JCilk imports Cilk’s fork-join primitives spawn and sync into Java to provide procedure-call semantics for concurrent subcomputations. Th...

Iron oxide grain coatings in red sandstones contain trace metals that are released upon dissolution of the coatings. Analyses by ICP-MS following acid leaching show dissolved can constitute an ore-forming fluid, as hypothesized models for sandstone-hosted ore deposits. Median compositions 37 samples, mostly Triassic to Devonian age, from across Britain and Ireland 6.3 ppm copper, 2.4 cobalt, 10...

The scientific literature is voluminous with respect to the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and electrical characteristics of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). MacGorman and Morgenstern (1998) define an MCS as a long-lived storm system that amalgamates from a group of smaller storms through interactions with the local environment. One of the more common types of MCS is the squall line, which ...

Recent observational analysis reveals the central role of three multicloud types, congestus, stratiform, and deep convective cumulus clouds, in the dynamics of large-scale convectively coupled Kelvin waves, westward-propagating two-day waves, and the Madden–Julian oscillation. A systematic model convective parameterization highlighting the dynamic role of the three cloud types is developed here...

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis data are used to indicate mechanisms responsible for extreme summer convection over South America. The threedimensional reflectivity field is analyzed to define three types of extreme echo, deep convective cores, wi...

A physically based method is developed to estimate the microphysical structure of the melting layer in stratiform rain using airborne observations by a dual-frequency radar and a 10.7-GHz radiometer. The method employs a nonlinear optimal estimation approach to find two parameters of the gamma drop size distribution (DSD) at each radar range gate from the Ku/Ka-band reflectivities. The DSD prof...

Reducing systematic errors of state-of-the-art General Circulation Models (GCMs) will increase our confidence on the projection of future climate change and improve our forecast skills of present-day weather and climate variability. One systematic error of current GCMs is the failure to simulate a dominant tropical atmospheric variability: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). Through downscale and ...

barika gold (and silver) rich massive sulfide deposit is located 18 km east of sardasht, north western part of sanandaj-sirjan metamorphic zone. rock units outcropped in this area are cretaceous metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks in green schist facies, and include association of meta-andesite, meta-tuffite, phyllite and slate rocks, where the meta-andesitic unit (kmv1) is host rock to the...