AIMS To determine the human papillomavirus DNA status of schistosomal associated squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in South Africa. METHODS Twenty five archival samples of bladder squamous cell carcinoma associated with Schistosoma haematobium were subjected to non-isotopic in situ hybridisation and the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of human papillomavirus 6, 11, 16...

Squamous cell carcinomas of the human anogenital tract are usually associated with infection of specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). The intracellular concentration of human papillomavirus early gene products E6 and E7 has been directly linked to the proliferative capacity of cervical cancer cells. Since the expression rate of epidermal growth factor receptor corre...