Ranking a set of objects involves establishing an order allowing for comparisons between any pair of objects in the set. Oftentimes, due to the unavailability of a ground truth of ranked orders, researchers resort to obtaining judgments from multiple annotators followed by inferring the ground truth based on the collective knowledge of the crowd. However, the aggregation is often ad-hoc and inv...

the eternity of al-nafs al-juziyah (finite self) is one of the most complicated philosophical issues. in some of his works, mulla sadra firmly pointed out the eternity of finite self; he similarly has specified the created-ness of the bodily soul; however, the former and the latter are apparently contradictory. the main objective of the present study is to indicate that according to the mystica...

An important allegory throughout the history of philosophy is Plato’s allegory of the cave. There are remarkable similarities between this allegory and an allegory from Islamic philosophy—that of western exile (al-ghurba al-gharbiyya) proposed by Suhrawardī. This paper seeks to consider fundamental components and issues within the two allegories, including the issue of the soul as the ...