Although WHO declared an end to the pandemic, COVID-19 remains a significant public health concern worldwide. Modern vaccines often induce either only humoral or cellular immunity. Furthermore, new emergent epidemiologically SARS-CoV-2 variants and their spread considerably reduce effectiveness of preventive vaccination. Therefore, there is urgent need improve existing against COVID-19. One pro...

The development of an effective vaccine is critical for prevention of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pandemic. Some studies have indicated the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of MERS-CoV spike (S) is a good candidate antigen for a MERS-CoV subunit vaccine. However, highly purified proteins are typically not inherently immunogenic. We hypothesised that humoral an...

one of the most common outcomes of pulp inflammation is periapical granuloma formation. existence of immune cells in these lesions showed involvement of both humoral and cellular immunity in the site. the presence of different antigens in the root canal causes production o various antibodies and consequent immunological reactions. different theories have been proposed on periapical cysts. the m...